Title:Reinvent – راه بهتری برای بهداشت شهری

سمیناری به رهبری Myles F. Elledge، مدیر اجرایی بهداشت و محیط زیست با Biomass Controls LLC، در مورد چالش جهانی ارائه خدمات بهداشت شهری و اینکه چگونه رویکردهای فناوری جدید ممکن است به مهار و درمان بهتر بهداشت کمک کند. روندهای جمعیتی جمعیت در جهان در حال توسعه نشان دهنده رشد سریع جمعیت شهری و انفجار اندازه جغرافیایی مناطق شهری آن است. این رشد سریع باعث می‌شود که شکاف افراد کم‌خدمت با سرویس‌های بهداشتی ناایمن همچنان افزایش یابد. و در حالی که دسترسی به توالت در بسیاری از مناطق در حال رشد است، خدمات بهداشتی بسیار عقب مانده است. با توجه به الگوهای رشد شهری پیش‌بینی‌شده، تمرکز مداوم بر سیستم‌های فاضلاب متمرکز و سرویس‌های بهداشتی ساده در محل به نظر می‌رسد به موقع، از نظر فنی امکان‌پذیر یا از نظر مالی مقرون به صرفه نیست. چالش جهانی ارائه خدمات بهداشت شهری در مناطق شهری بازارهای نوظهور نیاز به تغییر پارادایم برای برنامه ریزی بهداشتی و ارائه خدمات را برجسته می کند. تیم های تحقیقاتی بین المللی در بحبوحه یک محرک نوآوری برای توسعه فناوری های جهشی هستند که پارادایم تصفیه زباله را در محل تغییر می دهد، با رویکردهای درمان غیرمتمرکز که درمان موثر، نیازهای ورودی را کاهش می دهد همراه با عناصر بازیابی منابع. این ارائه از مجموعه توسعه فناوری “بازآفرینی چالش توالت” بنیاد بیل و ملیندا گیتس استفاده می کند تا در مورد اینکه چگونه رویکردهای فناوری جدید ممکن است به مهار و درمان بهتر بهداشت کمک کند و اینکه در آن اقدامات سیاستی برای فعال کردن پذیرش فناوری مهم است، منعکس می شود. Myles Elledge مدیر اجرایی بهداشت و محیط زیست با Biomass Controls LLC است. Myles دارای ۲۸ سال تجربه در سیاست توسعه و برنامه ریزی در بیش از ۳۰ بازار در حال توسعه است. او علاقه زیادی به بهداشت محیط دارد و در نوآوری های فناوری و ابتکارات پذیرش در آب، فاضلاب و انرژی پاک فعال است.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: So this talk I think is a nice follow-on to to one you had here maybe 18 months ago with Brian Arbor gasps who’s ahead of the Gates Foundation water and sanitation program and if you’ve seen his his remarks he cued up a number of these technologies and I guess what I

Would like to sort of take further is where we come over the last couple years with this work and where we are now with some of their tests deployments so I want to focus on urban sanitation in my presentation today I’m going to start with some sort of high-level setting the

Stage for the challenge that we have in urban sanitation some of this may be very familiar to you but I think it’s a good contacts for getting into the discussion about it’s time maybe to rethink and reinvent the way that we manage human excreta so I’ll go from

That introduction into an overview of three of the technologies that are in the portfolio and these are interesting I think because they are ones that have advanced from the lab into the field they’re all actively now being deployed and tested on various locations and the three also represent different use cases

Ones that a household scale one set a shared or public toilet setting and the other is a community scale fecal sludge treatment system and then I’ll wrap up that the last part of my talk I want to touch on the issues around policy standards of performance for these new

Technologies and also some insights that we have in terms of user perspectives and behavior change around the use and experience with these technologies so first the sanitation challenge many of you probably know the statistic of 4.5 billion people globally do not have access to safe sanitation and a large

Percentage are open defecating on a regular basis and a large percentage of those are found in India and this has real public health impacts in very stark statistic around child deaths related to diarrheal disease nearly 800,000 per year of children under 5 dying from diarrhea and I would argue that urban

Sanitation is particularly neglected there’s been a lot of investment in rural sanitation over the 15 last 15 years there’s probably been less focus on urban sanitation particularly where it’s needed the most have been perhaps investments in business districts or higher income portions of a city but

Those portions of it of cities that are underserved there have not been great investments in advancing that and in the urban context I think that has grave consequences the crowded the proximity to waste has health and environmental and economic impacts on those that live in the communities and live and work in

Those cities and while containment is a big problem probably treatment may be even a bigger problem in that in most the global south cities we do not have safe treatment it varies obviously between city but statistics are 70 to 90 percent of the waste in many developing countries does

Not go to is perhaps collected but it does not get treated and lastly we see this this urban environment and you’re certainly at the forefront of writing about and speaking about this in your own urban sustainability research but these urban areas are growing the areas that are underserved are growing the

Geography of those areas is ever enlarging so it’s a big challenge in terms of to provide safe sanitation in the urban context and this gap remains alright if you look back at the Millennium Development Goals which ended in 2015 sanitation was the one of the metrics that was underperforming one of the

Worst performing metrics right and we’re not off to a great start with the SDGs in terms of the gap of Sanitation coverage while a lot of progress has been made in containment and in some cases in treatment these urban areas continue to grow so in many cases we’re

Not even keeping up we’re not I mean keeping pace with with the changes that are happening in these urban contexts an important sort of addition to these global metrics with the SU G’s is that we’ve now gone to include treatment as part of the metric so that’s I think a

Real significant step in terms of recognizing the value not only of containment but also recognizing that treatment is one of our global goals as part of SD g6 so in this context what is safely managed mean so in short it really is a population that’s using an improved facility and importantly using

A facility that protects them from coming into human contact with that waste stream and then it can be safely disposed and that it could be treated either on-site or off-site and there are a number of sort of infrastructure mechanisms to achieve improve sanitation these could be a pore flush or automated

Flush that goes into a sewer septic tanks or pit latrines ventilated pit latrines even composting toilets or pit latrines that have a slap for their user interface mechanism so that’s the way a safe sanitation is being defined within the context of sggs what we know is there’s a lot of not

Very safe sanitation not safely managed going on here are a few examples on the top left you see a community scale toilet in an urban slum area that’s gone into disrepair which leads directly into open defecation immediately on that site the top right implement of what happens

In many areas where containment is not great or there is some containment and transport but that waste is simply taken to the nearest drainage ditch and emptied into the ditch or the water body that’s nearby on the last bottom you see many examples of inappropriate infrastructure a user interface that’s

Neither safe nor sanitary for the users or the community they that’s immediately around it and lastly on the far right bottom where you have containment you still have many needs for manual removal manual management of that waste so if you look at water I think it’s you sort of can’t talk about sanitation

Without thinking about water and I think it’s important in the context of thinking about reinvention of toilet technologies as well but as I’m sure you know similar statistics related to water scarcity in the world and it’s it’s right upon us certainly the news of the last year in Cape Town dramatically

Demonstrates that fact that in many parts of the global South we’re facing water scarcity and that has real implications for industry for agriculture and for household sanitation if you overlay that graphic with where we have deficits in sanitation coverage it really draws your attention to South Asia and sub-saharan Africa where you

Have both a very large underserved population for sanitation and you’re approaching water scarcity which is going to put huge challenges on drinking water tables and large channels on typical approaches to wastewater treatment so this brings us to the topic of rethinking where we are with sanitation

Solutions so we had a number of very important inventions 1596 John Harrington is credited with developing the flush toilet in 1775 Alexander Cummings developed at the yes trap toilet which was very important improvement in keeping water in the bowl and keeping odors from coming back up from the sewer lines and then Thomas

Crapper made a number of important plumbing innovations around the WC or the water closet and how flush mechanism work and was linked to two sewers but you can see from this timeline much of this innovation happened many years ago and we continue to rely on these these fundamental technologies as our

Mechanism for getting to flush and forget which queues up the sort of norms that we are in now of in the developed world in many richer parts of developing countries traditional Seward infrastructure these are large and they’re not very sustainable I would argue it’s probably not a very smart

Sanitation solution we pump water into a water treatment plant we treat it to drinking water quality we bring it into our homes and then we flush our toilets with drinking water quality using five to nine liters per flush we convey that with water it goes into a wastewater

Treatment plant huge capital cost for their plant lots of water lots of energy consumed to take the water out of that dry and the solids and create a treatment process and then we use water as conveyance to take it back into typically a watershed where we then

Repeat the whole cycle again we can probably do better in terms of thinking about how we manage our water how we manage our energy and capital expenditures toward wastewater treatment as you look at the global South Seward sanitation is probably not a route that many will achieve there’s not enough

Time probably not enough money land or resources to get us there technically it can be very challenging the costs are extremely high the operation and maintenance burden is very taxing in many of these settings access to land topography particularly in the large numbers of mega cities that are coastal

Cities is a real challenge and even where you have pipe sewage there are limits to this reach so many Seward areas of the developing world are in higher income areas or in the central business district but that sewer line often does not reach into the underserved the middle class and the

Lower income communities may not be served by that pipe sewage Network there’s also many examples where you’ve had investments city I’ve been working with in Ahmedabad in India over the last few years major investments in the sewer network there bring it within proximity to low-income communities but it’s up to

The household to develop the link and pay for that link to the pipe sewer and of course these are lower income areas and that’s out of their financial means to actually close that last set of meters to the pipe and then you have the issue of informal settlements that are

Being underserved and you have land land rights in question these are informal settlements many people are there as squatters that have gone on and on perhaps in living there for 15 to 20 years but neither the city local government or the household has a large appetite for making significant infrastructure investments when tenancy

And rights are certainly in question so with that as sort of a backdrop for the reinvent the toilet program that the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation launched in 2011 and they subsequently launched initiatives in India in 2014 and in China in 2015 creating additional challenges for country researchers in India and China

To also go on to thinking about ways for reinventing the toilet and the key criteria for the global research community was to think about ways of re-examining the way we manage human excreta and to try to do this off the grid do it in a way that does not

Require power does not require outside water source or does not rely on a connection to a sewer the second criteria related around a waste treatment system that can kill all the pathogens on-site so it gets away from that that big risk of handling and transport where diseases can grow and be

Spread the third is certainly a financial metric of try to do this on five cents per person per day and lastly that while this is certainly geared toward the developing world it is to be aspirational new and exciting products and appliances but that may have application both in developed and

Developing countries so a number of researchers around the world have gone through a series of grants with this some of advanced some have dropped out and I’m going to share with you now a few examples of those that have advanced so the first example is a household toilet innovation from Cranfield

University in the UK and I do have their permission to speak to this today I don’t work directly with this technology but we do a lot of work with Cranfield as a partner on some of the subsystems really related to the waste treatment value chain the second example is a

Blocked toilet or public or shared toilet setting designed for institutional setting and this is led by Duke University and the third example is a community scale treatment system focused on fecal sludge treatment led by biomass controls so each of these are innovations that have progressed over

The last five years from lab to actual testing now in various countries particularly India and South Africa so I’ll start with a Cranfield unit if you’ve been to Seattle and the Bill and Melinda Gates Visitor Center you will now see this Cranfield prototype toilet on display you can see the toilet is

Very compact and there’s a lot going on but you basically have a waste treatment unit underneath and behind the toilet seat so the basics of how this system is designed to work it’s a waterless toilet so someone uses the toilet and then there is a a wiper system that directs

The liquid in one direction and the solids in another direction and they go into separate containers for treatment so on the left side you have the an Archimedes screw that takes the solids and pulls that up into a drying process so there’s a small lighter that would be

Activated and then the fuel would be the feces that has been dried and pelletized and so that’s the fuel to drive the combustion and the system is designed to generate energy from that combustion that would help drive the mechanics of this per treatment process then on the

Right hand side you have the the liquid processing system so you have the liquid going through a warming step and then it goes into passing through a series of membranes and then it develops into a water vapor and that vapor then drops down into a containment reservoir for

That water could could then be used outside of the toilet either disposed of or reused in various settings so they this is a prototype it’s now advanced to some limited field testing in Durban South Africa he’s so here’s an example of earlier this year when we were there and their

System is being tested at a number of homes that have urine diversion toilets that have been installed by the municipality and now there trialing this Cranfield user interface and there’s a lot of research going on in terms of how people perceive this idea of the waste being managed in a waterless function so

That’s at the household scale the next example is one I’ve worked a lot with over the last few years led by Duke University so there are a lot of similar areas in the technology approach so in this case as someone uses the toilet the waste is then separated

Through a belt system so the solids go to the left and the liquids go to the right the liquids go into a three tank system a baffle tank and settling tank it goes through electrochemical disinfection and then is treated and goes into a storage tank and then that

Water is available for reuse as flush water or potentially for other purposes within the system and on the left the solids are being processed at the same time in a batch mode so the solids are being squeezed and dried and using the heat that’s generated from the feces

Fuel and then the the feces drops onto a plate dryer where it is further dried and then it chips off into a small pelletized fuel that is then available for combustion and energy can be generated from this combustion process so this particular system is scaled for a public or shared toilet application so

Think of a public market a factory a school as ideal settings where this might be deployed it relies on the solids for source of energy therefore the scale is not yet maximized or feasible at a household level so this particular system has been tried in several different settings this one

Was an Ahmedabad at Sept university distinguished urban planning school and here was a sort of a new model new constructed toilet where the processing unit is built underneath the toilet seat it’s about an eight foot by 10 foot footprint and in this particular demonstration unit there was one toilet

Seat on the inside of the cabin a hand wash station on the inside and then there’s two urinals on the outside and all that ways to would be treated as it goes and drops into the processing that’s underneath there’s some images here of the liquid system and then the dried peloton’s

Another example that was installed earlier this year is in South India in the town of comfort or this one is a different use case at a private-sector textile mill where men and women workers are in resident this particular system is set up at the women’s dormitory where

There are nine toilets showers and wash basins and clothes washing basins and the waste is being treated in a system that’s been retrofitted underneath the toilet block but all the processing happens again under that basically 8 foot by 10 foot footprint that’s adjacent and underneath that the toilet

Block and this is very interesting because of its access and thinking about grey water treatment which is something that the technology is working to advance into but it also is working with a community of migrant contract workers that come from northern India typically erisa Bihar in this particular location

And they common work at the factory for the couple of years and so typically they are very low-income and so this is potentially a better solution that for their own factory site but it may we hope influence their behavior and practice as they return home the third example of this technology is

Just being deployed this week in Durban South Africa this is a partnership with the University University calls a new tall and that’s a Queenie water utility both are very well renowned for their interest in innovation in water and sanitation and their willingness to try and various new approaches so this

Particular use case is in a community ablution block so it’s set up where the city has developed this approach for informal settlements that do not have sanitation solutions they can’t afford or they’re not enough time to provide household level so they’ve developed this mechanism for bringing in toilets

That are in a container typically three to four seats also includes showers sink for hand-washing and a sink for clothes washing so these are units a male cabin a few female cab would be set up typically serving a population maybe of 300 to 500 people so in this case we’re

Coming in with a retrofit it’s an existing cab in existing slum community our particular treatment system comes in in a additional shipping container and that’s being brought directly behind the women’s cab where that waste will be treated and again this is an opportunity to treat not only the black water but to

Also advance into treating in the grey water from these systems as well in each of these test cases there is a platform that’s being supported by the Gates Foundation to help us do the testing and demonstration in country so in India there’s a platform of research and laboratory support

Likewise in Durban there’s a network of logistical support and laboratory support to ensure things are working and to help us troubleshoot them when they’re not and these are some of the basic metrics that we’re working against as we do this testing and demonstration the last application of this Duke

Reinvent Detroit technology is a collaboration with the US Army Research & Development in at a Natick in Boston so this is exciting in a number of ways one it’s a potential new customer for the reinvent the toilet technology but it also takes the technology to a mobile

Setting so the system has been put onto a trailer so the entire treatment unit has shown there on the left and you’ve got a toilet and you could have multiple toilet seats in this particular application and the Army is looking for obviously a better treatment solution particularly in forward operating bases

Where they maybe have 70 to 100 troops out in a low resource setting their typical sanitation solution is a toilet that goes drops down into or an oil drum and then they light the old room on fire and then that’s the treatment solution so we can do better than that

And sort of that was one of the the areas for research and development but also a key driver for them is the supply chain so one of their biggest security risk is the movement of petrol in oil in water so if you can do on-site treatment you’re reducing the supply chain

Requirements and therefore lowering the risks for those providers that are working that supply chain so this is a very interesting research but we also see it has a number of commercial applications so these mobile systems are something that is quite common in a number of settings this example comes from

Ahmedabad where you see mobile toilets provided by the municipality these might be provided for a special event for more often and not they’re being used to brought into informal settlements and unfortunately politically driven over the last year they’re seeing increased use as a way to check the box that

They’re no longer open defecating that they’re open defecating free so these cities can now claim that they’re in line with the big sanitation swatch bharat’ movement in India so these are being deployed as a mechanism to serve the informal settlements but often they don’t stay they were there for a while

And then they’re gone so this is basically a toilet with a containment chamber underneath and then they take the trailer and dump it sometimes at the waste treatment plant sometimes in the in the field wherever they choose but you can imagine the mobile application that we were developing with the Army

Having again applications in this setting but you can also see it being used for pilgrimage or religious ceremony sites where you have a big gathering of people that have no sanitation solution commercial construction sites is another application where you typically you’ll have a hundred to three hundred workers

And their families in resident for 18 months and they may have a pit latrine or they may have nothing at these work sites so you could bring in a toilet solution that’s mobile and one that could actually treat the waste on site the last example of the technologies is

One from biomass controls and what it’s being called a fecal sludge treatment unit so this is a picture from a town in telegin a– called Warren gall in India so it’s set up as a series of containers to manage fecal sludge and these have been established in several

Cities by the municipality typically on the outskirts of the town as a sanitation park it’s an area where the trucks are they being brought in and the treatment happens through these containerized steps so the heart of this technology is a biogenic refinery so a pyrolysis unit for thermal treatment of

The sludge so the sludge is being brought in trucks these these systems are typically seeing three to four trucks per day and they’re processing that way that way stream in about an eight hour time frame so it’s it’s being screened and Dee gritted Dee trashed it goes into a drying process and it’s

Using the heat from the combustion to achieve that drying process and then there’s a biochar by-product that’s being produced which is ideal for agricultural supplement as a soil soil amendment there’s also some reach arch being done by several groups looking at filtration or odor control strategies also using this biochar by-product and

The great thing about these systems is that there are small that they’re containerized so that can be set up and broken down fairly quickly and fairly cost-effectively and they’re going to manage a number of different characteristics of waste so it can be pit sludge or can be septic tank waste

So there’s several of these examples that are now being deployed the original one started in Bangalore four years ago this was the test facility and now there are three others that have been set up in the last year again in partnership with Thai technocrats a local operating partner

And a municipality that has provided the land for these spaces so ones in Maharashtra one centella Ghana and ones in under Pradesh and each of these cities are sizeable close to a million in population they have no pipe sewage so it’s all septic tanks and pit latrines or open defecation that’s

Occurring and these systems are running by and large by private sector vacuum truck operators so that the city it does not have any financial role in the collection the individual households pay for collection and then the truck operators bring that waste to the treatment plant there’s still work to be

Done in terms of consistency and being sure that those truck reach the treatment plant and that’s one of the roles of the city is to believe the bad cop and celebrating the ones that do a good job and then bringing enforcement on those that don’t do a good job

Another example of this bio mass refinery technology is an application that’s been set up in Alaska in the town of Cavallino this is in Northwest Arctic borough in Northwest Alaska a very small community of a just over 400 people tribal population and then so poor sanitation is not just a problem in the

Developing world and it’s estimated that over 600,000 Native Americans and tribal people do not have access to safe sanitation either so this is one particular approach to to look at that problem and it’s a very challenging one but also a very interesting one in in its climate conditions and the demands

At that places so currently the community is using urine diversion toilet and basically the the solid waste goes into a bucket a honey bucket and that is simply dumped into their landfill or also solid waste has been going because of the cold climate they don’t

Use a lot of water these a lot of wet wipes for cleaning so one of the innovations with this particular application is the inclusion of a major shredder at the front end of the treatment process that’s able to manage menstrual absorbance as well as these wet wipes in vast quantities and then

Those along with the fecal sludge goes into the pyrolysis system and all of these systems are smart technologies in that they’re able to be managed with an app a kelvin app that has been developed by biomass controls it allows for remote monitoring in operations and also helps

Us have a number of key performance indicators in terms of key processing functions so we’re able to monitor in real time what has happened at the india side in the alaska site using this app so let me move to the final section of the talk in terms of thinking about some

Of the policies and regulations or issues and then also issues of user adoption with some of these technologies all these technologies are great you know a lot at the end of the day we’ll come back to governance and to policy and there are things that need to be

Done to help make these technologies viable in the marketplace so one i think is its policies to catch up with these technologies one in their size and their their small scale decentralized systems a lot of the guidelines for pollution control are not sized for these units there aren’t good policy guidance on

Water reuse or biochar applications so in that context there could be real incentives and real boost achieved through policy change that recognizes the the benefits of these new technologies a second is procurement technical guidelines it’s very challenging to get new technologies onto the approval typically maybe the the national level

Urban ministry has a checklist of those technologies that are approved for state and local government to procure so these technologies have to make it on that list through proving that there are viable options from a technical and cost performance standpoint another question is around state and local government

Sort of business models so with these new technologies you’re forcing some rethinking of what are the roles and responsibilities of the state and the local government and perhaps a private operator you could have a lease model where a private company comes in and takes over the school toilets and

Manages those but that’s a fundamental change in the Department of Education or the local government’s role in providing school sanitation similarly if you think about the role of the private sector in vacuum truck management or the management of a fecal sludge drying plant these are all steps that need new

Business models as these new technologies become available and a really big issue I think is around enforcement and standards for Pollution Control in emissions and discharge and you can have a treatment plant be built but unless you have compliance with these vacuum truck operators for example it doesn’t make any difference right

So getting the local governments to enforce and encourage the use of these new treatment plants is a key driver to the the value proposition of these decentralized systems and a final topic is around workforce development new opportunities sort of a new sanitation economy can be in imagined and there’s a

Lot of good work on this being done by the toilet board coalition which is a global group with major multinational corporations like Unilever and Firmenich and Kimberly Clark participating to help drive change with this in the sector and a core part of it is certainly to developing new operators better

Engineering to supporting systems but also professionalizing the fecal sludge business and ensuring health and safety standards are intact the next topic is around standards there’s a lot of emphasis being placed by the Gates Foundation to support global convenings and working groups around developing standards for these two technologies so

There’s two core groups that are driving toward ISO standard certification so one is called project committee three one eight which is focused on the processing fecal sludge units and the second is 305 which is focused on the household and shared in public toilets setting scale with these new technologies so there’s a

Whole series of working groups that meet almost every quarter and increasingly the countries and participating of now grown I was just last week in Senegal at a pc3 1/8 meeting there we had about 35 countries from Africa and Asia participating in the development of these new standards and their standards

Are important in that they are set some benchmarks and it will help the innovators get into the marketplace if they’re able to say that they passed a standard and these standards are clear in terms of the health and safety performance expectations that they set out it also creates the mechanism to get

Into procurement mechanisms and again to get broader into the market for these technologies and then my last two slides are I want to touch on user adoption and some of the work we’ve done around the Duke reinvent the toilet application this is a probably another talk in all

In itself so we have a lot of data from a lot of Survey Research household level surveys focus groups and individual interviews around these new technology approaches so one of the things we’re trying to understand is what do people think of being in close proximity to the way

And havoc treated on site and then what do people react to these particular approaches so liquid treatment using electrochemical disinfection drying and combustion of the solids are people comfortable being around and having that happen where they use the toilet and then also thinking about reuse and recovery strategies and what again what

Might be culturally appropriate or permissible with that so some high-level findings around the liquid we see very positive views a lot of excitement around the idea of water conservation and the opportunity to to reuse and this a lot of this work was done in Gujarat which is one of those water stress areas

Very hot very dry so the idea of saving water is something that people are very very aware of we also see very positive views on reuse particularly for flush water where there’s no risk of really of contact to that water we ask a lot of questions around solid waste and

Combustion in in the India context there was a lot of familiarity with the idea of generating energy from feces because it’s often used cow dung is used for cooking so this idea of the ability to generate energy from human excreta is not a foreign one and people were very

Comfortable with that and there’s a bit of a WOW factor with the idea that actually my poop can be turned into energy and lastly we did some work around minstrel absorbance and our system designed in a discreet mechanism for disposal of used absorbance on-site which is a big problem area and many

Shared in public settings and we also explored the idea of on-site consideration with these use absorbance and again we find a great deal of support for the privacy and discretion that safely managed on-site disposal brings but also a general support for incineration the last slide is on user

Adoption around water reuse and this is a bigger topic and that we slice it up in several different ways so looking at flush water application anal cleansing application hand-washing application and general purpose applications so as I mentioned on the previous slide very high acceptance near-universal for reusing water for flush acceptance

Declines as you go down to the next level in terms of using this recycled water even though it’s safe for for anal cleansing we see it more often accepted among men less so among women and some religious variation between Hindu and Muslim hand-washing water purity for is

Certainly a priority in that context of hand-washing we did have a lot of responses people perhaps willing to use the water but they would say that they would want to rewash when they go home particularly before cooking or for going for prayer and lastly a general strong support for general household purposes

With this recycled water though there are a number of cultural taboos and depending on the location in terms of what you might do or how this water might be applied particularly as it relates to things that have a religious orientation or directly contribute or income of the household so that’s just a

Very quick snapshot of a lot of data and a lot of findings that we have and we also have baseline research that we’ve done over the last couple months in South Africa and we’ll continue to do this kind of user research in the Durban location once that system gets up and

Running so let me wrap up and just acknowledging first obviously the great support of the bill and melinda gates foundation for the reinvent the toilet program and our close partnership with Duke Center for wash aid and then a whole host of partners that have helped us with research and data collection and

User insights to prototyping and technology development in India and South Africa so with that I’ll wrap up and open the floor for questions [Applause]

ID: nj1OK6mOqms
Time: 1535132738
Date: 2018-08-24 22:15:38
Duration: 00:45:18

منبع