Title:نظریه و روش نحو فضا: کاربردهایی از مطالعه مدارس متوسطه پایین در قبرس.

رابطه ساختار فضایی و زندگی اجتماعی از منظر نظری و روش شناختی، دغدغه اصلی این ارائه خواهد بود. این ارائه در ابتدا نحو فضا را به عنوان یک نظریه و روشی که در دهه ۱۹۷۰ توسط بیل هیلیر و جولین هانسون طراحی شد و بر این ایده استوار است که پیکربندی فضایی – یعنی روشی که در آن اجزای فضا در کنار هم قرار می‌گیرند – نقش مهمی ایفا می‌کند. در تبیین معناداری اجتماعی محیط ساخته شده. ثانیاً، چگونگی استفاده از چارچوب نحوی فضاها برای بررسی مدارس متوسطه پایین را با تأمل در تحقیقات در حال انجام دکترا با عنوان “ارزیابی محیط های آموزشی: رویکرد اجتماعی- فضایی زمانی برای ساختمان های مدارس متوسطه پایین در قبرس” عمیق تر می کند. پایان نامه ذکر شده در بالا به تعامل بین محیط مدرسه و شیوه های مدرسه مربوط می شود. به طور خاص، به دنبال شناسایی نقش چیدمان و عاملیت فضایی در شیوه‌های آموزشی-اجتماعی است، با سؤالات اصلی تحقیق: چگونه چیدمان و عاملیت فضایی در ساختمان‌های مدارس متوسطه پایین ساخته شده در قبرس پس از سال ۲۰۰۰ بر زندگی آموزشی-اجتماعی مدرسه تأثیر می‌گذارد. ? و ساختمان‌های مدارس متوسطه پایین‌تر که پس از سال ۲۰۰۰ در قبرس ساخته شده‌اند، تا چه حد هماهنگی‌های فضایی، عملکردی و مورفولوژیکی را نشان می‌دهند؟ ده (۱۰) جدیدترین مدارس متوسطه دوم که پس از سال ۲۰۰۰ در قبرس ساخته شده اند به عنوان مطالعات موردی انتخاب شدند. سال ۲۰۰۰ دوره مهمی در آموزش و پرورش قبرس بود. در این دوره، تغییرات شگرفی در سیستم آموزشی جزیره شروع شد، در حالی که طراحی مدارس از وزارت آموزش و پرورش به معماران منفرد رسید. با توجه به معماری به عنوان رشته پایان یافته، نقطه کانونی این پایان نامه در بررسی رابطه ای و پیکربندی فضا است، جایی که فضا به عنوان یک دارایی نامشهود عمل می کند که تا حدودی نحوه ظهور رفتارهای جمعی را شکل می دهد. با این حال، این به طور خودکار به این معنی نیست که فضا صرفاً به عنوان یک مکان پایدار و ثابت در زمان در نظر گرفته می شود. در عوض، با غنی‌سازی نظریه نحو فضا با مفاهیم رابطه‌ای مانند نظریه اسمبلاژ توسط دلوز و گاتاری (۱۹۸۷)، فضا به عنوان یک مفهوم رابطه‌ای زمانی مورد توجه قرار می‌گیرد که اهمیت عاملیت اجتماعی را تصدیق می‌کند. به طور خاص، روش این مطالعه از طریق یک رویکرد از بالا به پایین و از پایین به بالا داده های فضایی، عملکردی، مورفولوژیکی و سازمانی را با داده های تجربی از استفاده از فضا و آژانس اجتماعی ترکیب می کند. از این نظر، به فقدان شواهد تجربی موجود کمک می کند (وولنر و همکاران، ۲۰۰۷) در حالی که نتیجه گیری مستقل از مورد را به دلیل تقابل بین رویکرد پایین به بالا و از بالا به پایین امکان پذیر می کند. همچنین یک پایه توضیحی برای درک رابطه فضایی و عاملیت در ساختمان های مدرسه ارائه می دهد. بنابراین، جنبه نوآورانه این تحقیق این است که هم از نظر نظری و هم از نظر روش‌شناختی رویکردهای مختلف را از طریق یک چارچوب کل‌نگر ترکیب می‌کند که هدف آن درک و پرداختن به پیچیدگی محیط‌های مدرسه است. در نظر گرفتن محیط های مدرسه به عنوان موجودیت های پیچیده اجتماعی-فضایی به درک گسترده تر و جامع تری کمک کرد که فراتر از مرزهای فیزیکی محدود مدرسه گسترش می یابد. به طور همزمان، اگرچه این تحقیق از محیط ساخته شده خارج می شود، تنها به پیکربندی فضایی محدود نمی شود زیرا درک محیط های مدرسه صرفاً از طریق اصطلاحات فیزیکی نیست. در نهایت، در زمینه خاص قبرس، این یکی از معدود مطالعاتی است که سعی در ارائه ارزیابی انتقادی از اصول موجود مقامات برای طراحی ساختمان‌های مدارس متوسطه بر اساس داده‌ها دارد.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: Okay uh welcome again uh good afternoon or good morning uh if you’re elsewhere in europe behind our time here in cyprus this is the first webinar session of the kebab project kebab is a knowledge alliance it stands for knowledge alliance for evidence-based urban practices it is funded by the erasmus plus program and

If you’re interested to hear more specifically about the program there will be a session introducing all aspects of the project at 1pm c t 2 p.m cyprus time on this space at the same zoom link and the first session is about space impacts theory and methods the session is run

In conjunction it’s integrated with one of our courses here in the department of architecture at the university of cyprus it’s our course on research methodologies for architecture and urban studies so the students from the course are attending this session as part of their normal classes and this is one of the things

We are doing in the kebab project is to integrate the programs activities with different institutions ongoing courses and activities whether they are in architectural planning or urban design today’s speaker is crystallizati she is a practicing architect she is a visiting lecturer at a neopolis university in parfus and she

Is also a phd candidate here at the university of cyprus so our lecture today is about space syntax theory and methods uh in general but more specifically about the application all those all those methods to our phd research welcome chris thank you for accepting the invitation i’ll leave it to you

Um i’m happy very happy to be here today with you i hope that the presentation will help you help you understand a bit of the basics on space syntax and let me share my screen uh just a moment is everything okay now okay um so shall i start yes please go ahead okay

Um so um i laria said um the the background for me so i’m cristala i’m a phd candidate at the university of cyprus and today i will speak about space industrial methods and the application applications from the study of lower secondary schools in cyprus and the applications are part of my phd thesis

So um as regards the structure of the presentation um i will briefly start with the foundations of space industrial methods and i will then elaborate on my phd thesis this is overview and this is methodology and then i will sum up with some closing remarks

So let me start with a bit of the foundation in space index method since i don’t know if you’re familiar with when architects we architects design we tend to think that we organize plans factions aesthetics materials maybe but what we actually do is to um describe the nature of human relationships um

In fact uh what um robin evans stated very nicely if anything is described by an architectural plan it is the nature of human relationships so this makes us think how can we identify how should we design or how can we understand and identify the implications of our actions to human spatial behavior or

How can we explain the failures we face in architectural history those questions were also the foundations of space index theory space index um was um was defined back in 1970s by bill hiller and julian hanson along with other colleagues at ucl wanting to understand the relationship um of modern architecture with social problems

They wanted to identify how can we understand human behaviors by studying spatial structure so uh based on graph theory they invented the concept of spatial configuration that enabled them to produce multi-scholar mixed methods so as to approach and understand the social implication of spatial structures so instead of giving emphasis to the

Building themselves hillary and hanson argued that we should emphasize to the void between the buildings so the black space that fluids between the buildings instead of the buildings themselves if we want to understand the relationship and build the environment with human behavior so um here i will try to briefly explain

You the concept of spatial configuration so if we look into those three diagrams um the number one is a diagram that connects two spaces together and this relationship is represented as a graph below the second diagram shows two spaces that are connected between them but are also connected with another space an outer

Space so what this connection uh creates it creates a cyclical movement if we see it here on the graph we can see that it allows option gives options to a user a user can enter to an a to the a space then can go to the b

And then again to c space or the other way can go from c to b to a and then again to the c space so it has a certain kind of option in this um in this example the third example uh represents a more linear experience because as soon as we

Close this connection we create a linear experience from where we from um where from the c space we can ha we can go to a space and then to b so if we want to uh to visit someone that is located in the b space we have to go through the a space

So this imagine that this gives so much control to the a space because everyone that has to go to the b space has to pass through a so what we can understand by this example is that by eliminating just one connection we’re giving so much control to a space

Without even changing the space itself and this is one of the most powerful ideas about special configuration that what is important is the relationship between the elements the rather than the elements themselves um so having done having understood that we can now start thinking about even more complex relationships

On those three diagrams we can see three identical buildings as regards as regard geometrical terms but three completely different buildings as regards a human experience the first example has two main circles of movement so if a visitor enters the building can do the circle and get out or can do the the

Wider circle or if he or she can select the root that can follow on the second diagram on the other hand we have a much more linear experience we get into the building and then we have a space into our right and another one on our left side

And then we have the same and the same and we reach at the dent where we have to go back on the third case the experience is even more linear and in order to give you an example you might start thinking about your ikea experience your ikea experience when you

Get into an ikea store is is a linear experience it’s not the same with this though because in an ikea from uh the ending point is also the starting point so the ikea is a complete circle experience but but it has the same feeling because it’s a linear experience

That you have to you have to pass through all of the spaces and this is very structured uh the designer defined that structure for you so you don’t have so much option as happens with the first example so again it’s very important to understand that but we are having the

Same geometrical properties but we’re we’re only changing the relationship between spaces and we can have a completely different experience and this is an important aspect to have in mind in order to understand spacing tax theory and methods so in order to go one step further i

Will try to give you a specific example and then i will i will explain how space syntax classifies spaces into integrated and segregated spaces so imagine if we have that plan we designed that plant and we defined those spaces i named i numbered the spaces in

Order to be was more useful for you so the different numbers represent the different rooms and imagine if we create a network diagram that shows the relationship between the spaces so each space was is represented with a circle and the connections between them with a line so the space 5

Is connected with space 8 with space 2 3 9 etc and if we create justified graphs as we as we said earlier space syntax theory is based on graph theory so what we are doing in order to define spatial configuration we we produce justified graphs from every single point in the

System so if we produce the justified graph from the space 5 we can see that the um the most distant space is three steps away and let me explain that because it might not be that straightforward so if you’re located in in space five with one step so you can access access

Space eight two three and and six and nine so sorry yeah nine so you can access eight two three and nine from space eight you can go to space 4 as you can see here from space 2 you can go to space 1 and space 4

And from space 3 you can go to space 6 and 5 and from space nine you can go again to six and then it goes gradually so imagine if you produce this diagram for every single uh space of the system and compare and contrast them together so now if we see

The justified graph from the space 10 we can see that the most distant space is six steps away so a completely different image if we start from a different space in the system uh so what we’re doing now afterwards is to define the depth for every single space

So imagine that we assign a label to every single space with the depth so space 5 have a depth of 16 is calculated based on the steps that i told you earlier and space 10 has a depth of 30. so if we take that depth and reverse the depth

We end up with the integration measure the integration measure is in fact the reverse side of the depth so the lower the depth the higher the integration the higher the depth the more segregated the space is so that’s why uh space five that has depth 16 is illustrated as the most integrated

Uh space of the system while space 10 which has at depth 30 is illustrated as the most segregated um space of the system so we normally expect space tend to be like toilets spaces that we we tend to have more distance in this in our uh plans while um

We tend to have um integrated spaces let’s say uh we’re expecting our fues to be like or movement corridors to have the abilities of integrated spaces because we want them to be very well connected with the whole of the system we want them to provide access to a lot of spaces

As opposed to segregated spaces that we want them to be distant in the system so based on the idea uh that space is an intrinsic aspect of everything human beings do space index develop a certain set of methods based on the idea of spatial configuration um space index believes that people tend

To move in lines interacting convex spaces and see changing visual fields as they move around the built environment so by combining those two ideas together they develop a set of methods that are able to decode the relationship of spatial structure with human behaviors so um today i will present you briefly

All of the methods uh the basic ones because there are also more um difficult measures that are weighted measures but today we i will try to focus to the basic ones so the first method we will be talking today is convex analysis second axial analysis segment analysis vga analysis and eye service analysis

The common aspect about all of them is that all of them try to explain the spatial configuration and the relationship with social behaviors however not all of them are suitable for every kind of analysis that we want to execute not every time family every kind of research let’s say so we

Uh we expecting vga analysis to be used more in building scale analysis while segment analysis more in city scale research projects so An important thing to have in mind is that every single method has specific concerns so we do have to acknowledge those concerning orders to align them with our research so um i will try uh to explain briefly conflict convex analysis and i’m showing you some of the diagrams produced by my phd thesis

So convex analysis is a way of analyzing a special layout represented by a convex map one what you can see here is the convex map i created for for a school of of my a ph team so the flat gray spaces are the convex and the blue lines are the connection

Between the spaces so an important thing to have in mind is that the way convex map is drawn can vary depending on the research it can be based on pure geometrical terms or or it can be also on geometrical and functional terms in my case for example

It is a combination of geometrical and functional properties of space so the division of the different functions of the different contexts is derived by both by considering both properties of space as soon as we define those convexes and the relationship between them what the system creates is a network diagram as

We saw earlier each contact space is represented with a centroid and the connections between them with a line with a centroid and a circle and the connection between them with the line also the two floors and where we have the staircases we have to connect the two floors together so that’s why you

See those lines that connect the two floors together and then from this from this graph you can even produce justified graphs that illustrate the relationship between the functions so here i have color coded the functions so we can start assuming the relationship and understanding the relationship between functions for

Example here we have classrooms here we have special classrooms we have a administrator a cluster together so we can start realizing the way our configuration is related we can start decoding the relationship between function between convex spaces and then the through depth map analysis or um through our programming that i will elaborate

Further uh in in the the following presentation um we can classify the integration of our convex spaces so here is a convex analysis that derives from the con convex map that you saw earlier and that depicts the main movement corridor as the most integrated part of the system

And illustrates that some parts of the administrator or some parts of the classroom are very segregated in the system so um having this information we can start understanding the potentialities of the built form and we can start that human assuming hypothesis regarding space usage i should also mention that i am not using

Convex analysis in my phd thesis but i’m using all the previous steps the um the j-graphs the relationship between the networks but i’m not using the convex analysis in my thesis so from the context analysis you can have also a lot of metrics that derive from this analysis we don’t only have

Integration the one that i explained earlier but we have a wide array of metrics the different metrics that are derived from from the analysis means different things for example we have choice we have connectivity we have integration integration is a global measure that shows the relationship of

Um of this of the spaces between them as regards the whole building while connectivity shows the relationship with the immediate neighbors and and and all the other metrics represent different things so if you want to use some of the metrics in your um your thesis or research you can go to space

Syntax glossary and you can find very useful information about uh how to translate those those metrics into your research and then be meaningful for you in order to use them um the second analysis i will explain is axial analysis Axial analysis is a way of analyzing the spatial layout by an axial map as we saw earlier spacex theory recognizes that we humans tend to move in lines so it resembles the void between buildings with lines again the way the axial map is drawn can vary depending on the research for

Example it can be auto generated through depth map the software that is dedicated for analysis of space syntax but it can also generated by the researcher for example in my case it’s an ortho axial map is considered to be the most useful for this type of building based on

Existing research in the field because uh it resembles better the movement within the building so is um i mean i think it’s very important to understand that there is no straightforward methodology that you and let’s say one output and one one input and one output you have to

Tailor-made a lot of things but the basics are there um again for the axial analysis uh a lot of metrics can be generated and analysis can also be generated in different radios so you can decide if you want to have analysis on which radios you you want and the radius

Depends again on the research and the research question The third type of analysis is segment analysis segment is a type of analysis that is um it’s a refined method of axial lines and it’s derived by an axial map but broke the huge axial lines into smaller segments as you can see here we have smaller segments instead of a huge line

Here i’m presenting you the segment choice the choice measure metric is better to illustrate movement in the in a building so we can start uh by looking at the at the second analysis we can see that it depicts a certain point in the middle of the movement corridor that we

Saw earlier that and it has higher movement potential so what we can see now is that segment analysis can um can give us an even more detailed image of the complexity of movement within the building so again the different types of analysis give us different things and it depends

On what we would like to study um and and we have to select them depending on what we would like to study um and again for a and for segment analysis we have different metrics um as regards the isobase analysis isofis analysis covers the visible area uh in all directions from a specific

Uh point in the in in space so here i generated two axial at twice obvious uh from this location and from that location and in the in in-depth month you can see also the isofist area which can be meaningful for a research if you want to examine the the area that is visible

From a certain point based on isofist a visibility graph which is the last analysis i will explain today it’s a special representation based on eye service specifically by applying a two-dimensional grid to the plan as you can see here there is a two-dimensional grid for example i am using 0.5 uh

Distance because we would like the distance of the grid to be as closer to the human scale as possible so it should be from uh it should it could range from 0.4 to 1 meters and this analysis generates an isobase from a from the centroid of each of

Those cells of all those small cells there is an isosceles generated from those cells and then it overrelates it overlays them and analyze the global visibilities visibility properties of space for example here the metric i decided to plot is another it’s a very useful metric which is called visual mean depth

That uh is very similar with what we saw earlier with convex maps that the with the depth of the of the of space but and it’s the reversed side of engine of integration so the blue ones are the spaces that have the lower depth and the and the more

Pink ones are the spaces that have the more uh depth the more visual mean depth um so this is very useful um for example in my case i i wanted to see the visual mean depth as a metric that will help me to understand the depth of some spaces in the system

And this is the integration metric and as you can see we can have a lot of other metrics as well but why all those things matter and what actually all of those methods have in common is that they give us an indication about the way those spaces will be used

And experienced by users for example in the case of state britain what we can understand if we compare the movement trails of 100 visitors and the visibility and visibility graph analysis is that the most integrated spaces of the system are depicted as the most liberal and frequented by more people while the most

Segregated spaces um tend to have lesser frequentation since no one reached that point at any point in time so having this knowledge in mind we can start assuming things about human spatial behavior and we can start hypothesizing about the way our building will be used so having set the framework for

For space index analysis and methods i would like now to proceed to my phd thesis and explain how can we use space index methodologies along with other types of analysis and methodologies in order to analyze school environments um the title of my phd thesis is assessing educational environment a

Temporal socio-spatial approach to lower secondary school buildings in cyprus and the aim is to investigate the interplay between school environments and school practices more specifically the phd physicist aims to identify the role of the special layout and agency inside of socioeducational practices the aims of this

Thesis stem from the gap in the existing body of literature specifically existing research uh highlighted that the way spatial layout is related with the socioeducational practices in school is rather sparse the research studies that study this relationship are rather sparse with an evidence base that was characterized as incomplete and remarkably underdeveloped

Only a small bunch of studies was conducted in the traditional space syntax and systematically evaluated spatial layout of schools in relation to various socioeducational practices well there was no attempt to address open air schools as happens with cyprus in cyprus we have open air schools so we have huge open air

Areas that are not are connected to a certain extent to the interior space uh lastly very few studies collected empirical data from space usage in secondary schools so my research aim to get close those gaps At the same time having architecture as the departed discipline this research focal point is on the relational and configuration consideration of space a where space operates on as an intangible aspect that shapes to a certain extent human spatial behavior however this does not automatically mean that

Um i consider space as stable and fixed in time instead by enriching space index theory with relational concepts such as assemblage theory by the lesson gathering space’s approach in my research as a temporal and relational concept with the main research question of this phd being how do the spatial layout an agency in

Lower secondary school buildings building cyprus after 2000 impact the socioeducational school life and to what extent lower secondary school buildings built in cyprus after 2000 illustrates special functional and morphological consistencies i um at this point i’d like to clarify why i do i selected schools that were built after 2000

۲۰۰۰ martin important period in cypriot education uh there were there were tremendous changes because cyprus started um the direction towards european union there were a lot of reports evaluating education in this period and at the same time the construction of of schools passed from the ministry of education to independent architect

So that’s why i am this study examines all secondary schools or lower secondary schools built in cyprus after 2000 so the main ideas and concepts investigated in this phd are the school configuration school life space usage behaviors agency complex socioeducational practices and that’s why an explanatory and across scales and depth methodological approach

Is required in order to address those concepts so the research methodology and the way i designed the research methodology um i tried to address the complexity of this of this theme and in a in order to address this complexity a case study research that combines a top down and examines all

Secondary schools building or lower secondary school buildings built in cyprus after 2000 and at the same time i uses a bottom-up analysis so what i try to do is to combine both top-down a top-down approach and a bottom-up approach and what is the difference between them the top-down approach produces a

Generalized knowledge about school design school composition and teachers perception for all the schools while the bottom of approach it produces a contextual real world in-depth knowledge about schools behavior and socio-educational dynamics that was illustrated as a gap in the existing literature so that’s why i selected only two schools of the ten and

I will explain later on the criteria for their selection another important aspect of this uh research methodology is the pile of study that is in the middle the pile of study was conducted in order to examine and test the methodological framework in practice so i selected one

School i visited the school i tested the methodology and refined the methodology uh both the top down and put them up based on the feedback that i had from the pilot study so um in order to i will i will try to explain you more the methods i’m using for all

The types of analysis so i will start from the top down approach um in the top-down approach i’m using both qualitative and quantitative methods uh from the qualitative side there was an analysis of written documents specifically qualitative analysis of school websites so i gained information about school leadership in the in those

Schools about whether there are rules or not whether they have some specific perception about education and also i i use those uh i i use this analysis quality information in order to give me an idea about those different schools and then the role of agency because as i mentioned earlier it’s very important

For my reasons to see the role of agency i combined also this analysis with quantitative methods i specifically use standardized google online questionnaires for the teachers of all the 10 schools i have i have used async analysis functional analysis and morphological analysis at this point i would like to mention that

All the kinds of analyses were generated through r as a programming language for statistical computing and graphics operated in our studio so even these spatial analyses were conducted in our studio by calling the depth map cli the diplomat cli is an application of depth map software that can be called through another

Programming language so 54 different spatial functional and morphological and other variables were calculated for all ten schools and um and helped me to compare and contrast the special functional and mythological properties of all ten schools specifically the space syntax metrics that i am using in my dissertation is i’m using axial noise segment

Analysis and vga analysis and here i’m mentioning the the metrics i am using uh the most important metrics i should um mention that in my phd thesis space syntax analysis was used more explanatory instead of following an established route due to the fact that there was no previous

Research on open-air school at cypriot schools so there was a huge challenge with them with a huge open space that uh cypriot school had separate schools have as sports area there was a difficulty to analyze those two together the the build them indoor small areas along with the huge open

Areas of sports so that’s why um i i try to invent a lot of things and test a lot of things in order to come up with what is the best way to do it um so having all these metrics uh having the spatial anal space syntax metrics along with other metrics i

Mentioned i i created a series of affinity propagation clusterings the affinity propagation clustering is a clustering method statistical clustering method that allows that actually combines the different data for the different schools and makes groups so as you can see here it creates groups of uh of the different schools it groups it

Makes smaller groups of the schools so instead of having all 10 schools and and those different metrics and trying to make sense of it the algorithms and studies them and finds the commonalities and differences and creates groups so it also uh identifies the school that is more the most representative of the group

So this is very important because uh we can see which group is is the most representative in the majority of cases and in order to produce those clusterings a series of hypotheses were generated based on the literature review so um i will explain just the first one for

Example on the first one i assumed based on the risk on the existing literature that smaller and less segregated schools uh can enhance social interaction and cooperation between school users so that’s why i i hypothesize which special metrics could address those two those concepts and then i clustered the the schools

Uh i i run the iep cluster package in order to see how they are grouped together so i did a series of hypothesis based clustering and then i plotted those class clusterings as a network a two mode network so um oops sorry so uh those relationships were visualized through a two mode network

The lines represent the connections that the schools have to have between them and the circles are the score so here you can see school nine school two and all the school are represented in a network the location of the schools in the network is also important because it

Shows the centrality and how often and at school is appears in a group in the group that we saw earlier and at the same time the width of the lines represent the connection that the two schools have uh have the connections they have so that’s why i selected school 2 and

School 9 because school 2 and school 9 are relatively central in the overall network of relationships and they have four connections with other schools and at the same time they have 17 connections between them so this whole classification process helped me to identify the relationships between the schools and at

The same time to identify which schools could be the most representative in order to select them for the in-depth study so for the in-depth study now i adopted the same methodological framework by i even enhanced it even more with some other methods so i enhanced both the qualitative and quantitative methods

Uh as regards the the qualitative methods i used also same structural interviews with headmasters a world talk method and an observation diary what the work and talk method and the observation diary helped me to do is to get into the school life to understand and hear student voices teachers voices

Cleaners voices and understand the complexity in the school i also i enhance a quantitative method with students questionnaires so i collected questionnaires from students in those two schools and i conducted also structured space observations through snapshots and root traces again all the methods were analyzed through rstudio um so

What the methodological framework that i designed helped me to do is to um is to uh to combine both theoretical and methodological methods and at the same time it achieved a more holistic understanding of the school layouts and offered me a more holistic framework to analyze who layouts

It also addressed the school environment complexity by articulating a close work between depths and depth of research and types of data in the particular context of space syntax and reaches the research studies about school and specifically specifically openness schools and in the specific context of cyprus it is

It is one of the very few studies that try to provide a systematic evaluation of the authorities principles for the design of lower secondary schools based on data so if i have to make some closing remarks on grim’s presentation is that space invest theory and methods offer a valuable framework of

Understanding and decoding spatial configuration of buildings however cannot be considered as the mere way to examine and understand the relationship between special and social conditions so um you can understand that even more um through the through what i showed you earlier with the agency and functional and morphological analysis so i’m trying

Not to bond myself to only space index analysis because specimen technologies can only give me the configurational aspect in the relationship in relation to human behavior but i might miss the morphological complexities i might miss the functional complexities and the role of agency in school buildings so seeing space from a relational perspective

We can understand that this a much more dynamic concept it has a much more diverse set of methods and tools should be applied in order to be able to render the nature of the of a complex socio-spatial environment at school um also not all types of analysis are

Suitable for every type of building or environment space index offers a toolkit that should be tailor-made to each type of research and our studio can be applied for to manipulate complex a time perform spatial analysis at multiple levels thank you so much for your attention i hope you find it helpful

Thank you very much cristala uh that was uh very interesting i thought your example of the ikea experience um it’s something that brings um the idea of special configuration and how it works in practice um to everyone’s understanding or at least everyone who’s had nikea experience

And i mean we know from a lot of research that the type of linear configuration it’s typical of those kind of mega shots and certain types of models in order to direct people to follow a certain path and make sure they view all the products on this display um

Of course i will open to the floor for questions i know in a moment um i know that your lecture was very focused on the methodology because it’s also part of our research methodology this course um i was wondering if you could tell us a little bit though about

Um if you have any initial findings or e from your knowledge and literature review about this relationship between social educational practices and the actual design of school i’m assuming that the greater purpose of this is to know and understand how the design of the school impacts on either educational outcomes or social

Outcomes or the development of social interactions between students and perhaps social skills um can you elaborate on that a bit at this stage yeah um i do have some initial results at the moment and uh definitely what what strike me the most is that uh indeed special configuration influence

The students distribution within the school and the roots they are they’re selecting To transfer when they when they have to transfer but what was also very very interesting for me is to realize the power of social agency in schools so the power of rules and the way the rules are imposed and this and define human spatial behavior along with the

Special configuration so what i found very interesting it was that there is a very important link between the spatial configuration the way the school is designed with the amount of rules that are imposed in the school and thus the with the spatial with the space usage behaviors so

There there is a link between the space which is the cause of the rules and then how the rules impact human spatial behavior interesting thank you one of the most interesting results that i found so far still is under development but okay thank you very much does anyone in the

Audience have any questions or comments for cristala you can write them in the chat if you want or feel free to mute yourself i’m just looking at the chat to see if anyone’s writing in there no questions at all from our students yeah i would like to make a question

Thank you for your presentation hey i would like to ask you um because i don’t know much about space index but i find it very interesting about uh school design and also in general architectural design so my my question is um could this er and form of analysis let’s say

Could it be used in the future like from also not only from academia but also in practice like should architects for example who design schools or other buildings use this kind of method space index method to implement it with their design and also in order to suggest like to to

Let’s say make a more broad research about this design and indicate the fact the morphology as you said and the functionalities like is this a way to to use it also for practices i don’t know i’m just is actually what what we’re trying to do is to use evidence evidence-based

Methods in practice and find ways to link the academian practice so i uh from my knowledge and because i i studied uh space index in london uh where they have a research lab and a research office that uses uh space index methods and gives consultation about the design so i will

Say yes definitely can it can be done and is is is that i mean there are a lot of offices in the world that are now are using space syntax tools among other tools to um to collect data that can inform their designs so what space index can give us is is

Can make us more honest with ourselves to understand the implications of our actions as architects because sometimes we assume some things based on our intuition but at the end uh they do not really correspond to our intuition and actually this was the major critique about modern movement and modern urban designs

Uh about uh from space industrial here that they criticized that the the architect had a certain intuition i had sent an idea based on his on her intuition but at the end uh the reality didn’t work like that so space syntax can i can definitely help us address the reality before

We build it and i think the challenge is to find the ways to make it more useful to practice because from my experience as a practitioner even i am trying to use it but is what we we have also as a challenge in kaibub is to make it well established to

Clients because clients have to evaluate it as well also i don’t know but also circulation diagrams help maybe i don’t know could be implemented as well which is are more easy to make so i i think the most the easiest one to do is the circulation diagrams

Without even not knowing any any kind of i mean those ones i think are them are the most important diagrams that you can do in order to understand the configuration of space because as you see the the the plan as an architect we don’t really we we assume some certain um connections and

We think that we provide such a connection but as soon as you see them on a graph you can start realizing a lot of things that you you couldn’t you couldn’t come you couldn’t realize when you when you’re seeing just the plan so i think the most striking example is that one

Because here you see you see the plan you you you could expect few things but as soon as you saw them as a graph you you can start realizing very very nicely what what is going on thank you thank you i will i will add a little to this just

Because i’m also very familiar with space syntax and crystal explained it very well but um just to underline these i think it’s a very powerful tool and cristala’s presentation shows it very well to enable designers to see things that are not necessarily obvious as we as easy as we might at first think

They’re not as easy to understand and elaborate as with my first thing and there is a question uh in the chat and we read it out i loved your presentation please i want you to explain that yeah what you mean by the location of the school in the network more specifically

I want to know how each school got positioned in the network i assume that you’re talking about that diagram i will think so from the question okay so uh i used igraph package it’s a package in r that can simulate and visualize the relationships so

Let me before i go to the relationship i might skip a part that is also important so i run i don’t know i’m i’m not sure i think 15 kind of affinity propagation clusterings 15 or even more i don’t remember so as you let’s take the first example the one here

The the yeah the that one so that one it shows that school who has a relationship with school for sorry to interrupt you are you trying to point at something on this side i can’t see the point there so maybe you have to describe now i can see okay so

Here we can see a connection between school two and school four okay with one school and another it might be very small to be shown in the in the image so it illustrates a relationship so the affinity propagation shows that school two is related with school seven with school six which will etc

Do you want me to enlarge it maybe to be easier if you want so there is this for a specific characteristic of the school the rich specific characters so on this example i am relating school porosity with visual mean depth so i’m using two parameters school porosity is a value that i i

Created and visual mean depth value that was created through depth so the affinity propagation algorithm uses the information that just the values uses just the values and creates the assumes which schools are related with which schools it is it’s an algorithm that it sees the relationships and at the same time that peaks

By itself the the school that is the most representative of this group so in this case school 2 is the most representative and school 8 is the most representative and we have two groups the group the red one and the xian one so this group suggests that school two is related with

School four school two is related with school one school ten etc so i created a matrix that says school one is related with school two school two is related again with school five so it constructs a matrix of the ta of the relationship between the schools it’s a big one

Very big one and it is a matrix that is then represented as a network so the the the times school 2 was related with school 4 it was 18 times while the time uh school four was related with school nine was again 17 i have 19 cases 20 so it it

Represents the times a school is related with another school and the centrality is based again on on the algorithm of the aircraft package that sees based on the connections which school is most central to this network is as uh it just happens with social networks

For example if we have a lot of friends in facebook facebook can create a kind of network of our friends and then you can it can show you the who which friends are the most central in your network because you are talking to them too much

So it is exactly the same thing but with the numbers the number of times a school is related with another school or with other schools in general so the reason school too is really relatively central is because it’s related very much with a lot of schools against school nine while school seven

Is not that much related with other schools just with school three i also i am plotting here the relationship that are above uh 15 yeah about 15 times so in order to be more visible before because previously it was a mess so that’s why i’m plotting just uh to to

Exclude some information to be more visible i don’t know if if it’s clear now maybe it’s a yeah i i would like to go further to this question maybe it’s good to tell us what what relates these schools like common activities what are the things that relate to this course no

Though the this database so if the the algorithm it takes for example if i if i want to to see the relationship of the of the metric uh normal angular normal angular choice and vga connectivity i’m putting into the algorithm the metrics for all the 10 schools of the of the normal angular

Choice of the connectivity and then it sees the relationship so it is the metrics just the metrics purely metrics so that’s why it’s a top down this methodology is top down because it sees only the numbers while the other methodology i’m using it sees the life and it’s bottom up

I think that was a useful question i i i think i had also missed a little bit exactly how that selection took place and how the network was built up now i think if i understand it correctly that you are the the algorithm groups the school by ukulele affinities

There is similarity according to certain characteristics of the exactly so if you take a characteristics which you must have defined or it’s a certain specific measure which may be porosity or integration or you also have a number of teachers there yes yeah yes it groups the ones that are more similar

Together and then based on that you build that network based on the connections in the grouping so yeah i think it is to me that is the answer in the chat that yes it is clear thank you okay good is there any other questions or comments from the audience

Yes i would have a question thank you very much for your presentation it really helps a lot i’ve just started with space syntax so everything helps and uh your methodology actually is very inspiring because i’m trying to implement something similar but in an uh in a neighborhood scale

And i’m actually interested in the part of the qualitative research that you did and especially in the analysis of the official document i’m analyzing official documents but uh planning documents and i wanted to know what exactly you were looking for in these official documents regarding schools was it simply architecture plans

Or other things included into it well uh where i am saying about analyzing written documents is in some cases i’m using uh just qualitatively so just to familiarize myself with what is going on if the headmaster is very is really strict and it’s pointed into the his

Letter his or her letter in the in the website or i am using also um text mining applications again in r where they identify how often some words are used by those documents so uh it counts the time for example the word headmaster is depicted in the in the written document

Okay so i am i’m i’m not using qualitatively the plans i’m just seeing them plans i’m assuming things about the plans but i’m not analyzing them so you simply take input and you put this input into your work and yes nothing specific of these plans of this qualitative methods are part of

Your metrics your metric is pure quantitative right yes yes okay my metrics for the classification yes but i’m using uh i’m using those in order to see to examine my questionnaires for example um i collected questions from students so i used text mining applications in order to see how um

They are up to examine their open-ended questions so yeah i have i don’t know four four questions that are open ended and i wanted to to quantify their opponent questions so the method i used i run a text mining package that sees how often the word friendship is is highlighted by students however

The word headmaster all the words and it gives a word diagram with bigger words uh the ones that are used more often and with smaller words the once or twice i understand and thank you very much it’s very interesting and helpful i really appreciate it thank you you’re welcome

So expanding on that question when you say that as part of your initial findings you seem to see a relationship between the special layout or the design of the school and the amount of rules or the strictness of the rules are those rules part of the written documents that you

Use are your text lines they’re part of the questionnaire so there wasn’t an official document from the school stating the rules you actually got those from the questionnaires okay yes any other questions i try to combine also spatial i i imagine it’s very expensive and it’s still under development that’s why i

Couldn’t address all of them in one hour um i am trying also to jail locate the answers of students because i know their uh their classrooms so i’m geolocating also their answers so i have it also a joint analysis with their perception and their location in the school yes interesting um thank you

Any other questions or comments from the audience either live or in the chat okay i can’t see anything else coming up in the chat uh so it seems we have exhausted the questions and comments but it was an interesting uh discussion and helpful questions um so we say thank you very much again

Cristala uh he was interested in his firing first webinar for the kebab project and if anyone is interested in 45 minutes we start another session on the project itself it’s on the same link on google if not i hope to see you follow us we are on facebook we are on

Instagram we are on linkedin and on twitter follow us and i hope to see you at another session or activities in the near future thank you very much everyone goodbye

ID: kUN43XHpKkc
Time: 1639759791
Date: 2021-12-17 20:19:51
Duration: 01:11:46

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