Title:فناوری موبایل، حواس پرتی و ایمنی عابر پیاده

۲۰۱۱-۱۰-۱۴ ارائه دهنده: جک ال. ناسار این وب‌کست فقط برای مشاهده در دسترس است، برای اعتبارات AICP CM قابل استفاده نیست. در این وبینار تحقیقاتی در مورد خطرات عابران پیاده در هنگام صحبت کردن یا ارسال پیامک با تلفن همراه مورد بحث قرار خواهد گرفت. چهار مورد از مطالعات پروفسور نسار در مورد عابران پیاده و تلفن های همراه و تکامل تفکر او در مورد اثرات مفید و مضر استفاده از تلفن همراه در بین عابران پیاده را پوشش خواهد داد. این مطالعات عبارتند از: ۱) مطالعه استفاده از تلفن همراه، ترس از جرم، و ایمنی از جرم در بین دانشجویان، ۲) مطالعه برای بررسی اینکه آیا توجه پرت شده در بین رانندگانی که از تلفن همراه استفاده می‌کنند، در مورد عابران پیاده که با تلفن همراه صحبت می‌کنند، اعمال می‌شود یا خیر. )مطالعه ایمنی رفتار عابر پیاده در تقاطع عابر پیاده در ارتباط با استفاده از فناوری موبایل و ۴) بررسی پذیرش در اورژانس برای تصادفات مربوط به استفاده از تلفن همراه در بین عابران پیاده. پروفسور نسار با بحث در مورد برخی از توصیه‌های برنامه‌ریزی و سیاستی که از یافته‌های تحقیق ناشی می‌شوند، به پایان می‌رسد.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: Hey everyone my name is Brittany and I just want to welcome everyone it is now 1 p.m. so we will begin our presentation shortly today on october fourteenth we will have our presentation on mobile technology distracted attention and pedestrian safety given by Jack Nasser for help during today’s webcast please

Feel free to type your questions in the chat box found in the webinar tool bar to the right of your screen or call one eight hundred 263 6317 for content questions please feel free to type those in the questions box and we will be able to answer those at the end of the

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Distracted attention and pedestrian safety this webcast is available for one and a half cm credits we are recording today’s webcast and then will be available along with a six slide per page PDF of the presentation at ww utah APA org slash webcast archive at this time I would like to introduce our

Speaker for today JAC Nasser JAC Nasser is the professor of city and regional planning at The Ohio State University and editor of the journal of planning literature he’s educated as an architect planner and environmental psychologist he has published more than 80 scholarly articles and seven books on the planning

And evaluation of places for human use with collaborators Peter Hecht Temple University and Rick winner of NYU polytechnic campus he published the first studies of distracted attention and safety related to cell phone use among pedestrian this research has been widely cited by scholars and covered by major media outlets including the BBC

National Public Radio and the new york times he has been an invited lecturer and keynote speaker around the world his honors include the environmental design research association career achievement award lumley award for excellence in research College of Engineering OSU the Apple chatel fellowship from the University of Sydney and the

Distinguished Alumni Award from the School of Architecture at Washington University of st. Louis let’s welcome JAC Nasser uh thank you and I can do you hear me yeah we can hear you okay fine loethar um alrighty so i’ll be talking about the research we did on dangerous to pedestrians of talking while while

Talking on cell phones or other mobile devices and trying to link that to issues of planning and I’m going to be giving you look around on how we got here so these are my co-investigators Peter Hecht who’s an environmental sci countdown worked with the project for

Public spaces and has had 25 years of work on dealing with public places a rich winner who’s a professor of environmental psychology at New York University Polytechnic so that the inspiration or the start of this research comes from the large increase in wireless telephone telephone telephone users and we started to look

At this and we became interested initially in the idea that this might relate to one of my research interests which has to do with front and so that we wanted to initially look at cell phones as they related to plan now we’ve heard lots of anecdote anecdotes about

Cell phones at the time so there was some survey data that showed that parents gave their children cell phones and part for safety reasons and so thinking about that we said well they’re giving the kids the phones for us for safety reasons but it was reason to

Think that they might actually lead to certain kinds of unsafe things and this we started way back in the Paleolithic time before cell phones have cameras so the where people now can take pictures of a criminal doing an offence of some kind so on the one hand we thought okay

Cell phones are going to make people feel safer but could they actually contribute to criminal victimization and so this was the initial work was to try to figure out what was going on that and the idea behind behind this is a thing called risk homeostasis one example is if you get anti-lock

Brakes on a car you’d think that people would would maybe have less accidents but people tend to compensate for the for the new technology and so the you may get actually more accidents from having that similarly if a cell phone makes you feel safer we thought people might actually go places they shouldn’t

Go and actually put themselves at risk so one of the three factors predicting crime victimization is a thing called guardianship and this has to do with your awareness of the surroundings in part so guardianship basically is you’re protecting yourself from from becoming a victim or you’re protecting someone else

From becoming a victim in this case this woman is is distracted a bit and so she’s not realizing she’s being robbed by a duck so the idea with the cell phones was there was there was a growing literature showing that cell phones might lead to distracted attention and

So if you’re talking on a cell phone in a public place you might not be aware of what’s going around going on around you and that might make you more likely to be a victim of crime the second thing is that you might go to places that you

Wouldn’t normally go because you think you’re going to be safer with a cell phone so the combination of those things we’d love to think that well maybe there is a potential problem with them cell phone while you’ve been in fear farm and climb so perpetrators also might look

Like pickpockets might look for people who are distracted on their cell phones or ipods and unable to react to their environment so and there was also evidence when we started some of this work particularly in South America where people would get on a bus and basically

Steal all the phones on the bus but people do still we’re stealing cell phones as well so the the distraction the going places where you might not ought to go the potential that the cell phone itself might be something that would attract criminals let us distortion take a look at crime as in

Relation to cell phone use so we had a survey of 317 undergraduates at The Ohio State University asking them about their use of the phone if they want places they wouldn’t normally go etc we found that most of them reported having a cell phone this was quite a

While ago and most of them said that it made them feel safer so that was sort of the first question we had yes you know look there was a large number of students with cell phones and having a cell phone and made them feel safer a follow-up survey of 305 undergraduates

Found that about forty percent of them who had cellphone stated that they’ve walked places they would not normally go if they had the cell phone on the other hand the positive part is that there was a small percentage of the cell phone users who use the phone to report an

Accident call for help in an on crime situation report a crime or a reckless driver or to report a hazardous situation so the results kind of give you a mixed thing there’s some favorable aspects outcomes related to the cell phone but there’s sort of the unfavorable thing of people going places

They wouldn’t normally go and possibly being distracted we wanted to get a crime or victimization data in relation to cell phone use but it’s just not in the in the reported in the crime reports so we one actually able to tie cell phones per se to crime victimization and

This led us to going in a slightly different direction can move it cell phone usage so the next step we took was our pedestrians who were talking on cell phones less likely to notice things in their environment and this came directly out of the work with drivers there was a

Growing evidence that driver a distraction people talking on cell phone was a major cause of accidents and that mobile phones were key to this distraction and for pedestrians this has some crucial implications when we walk in a public act of public place we assume part of the safety of these

Places comes from the monitoring of the public places by other people present well what if all those other people present are distracted they’re out there talking on their cell phones they’re texting and they’re not focusing on what’s going around them not only might you be less safe or less

Aware of your surroundings but everyone else would be and so the public place would become a less public place for people unless safe public place so we wanted to replicate or take a look at what other people talking on cell phones were distracted and less aware of their

Surroundings and this is the site that we use for the study it’s on the ohio state university campus it’s a wall enclosed outdoor walk through next to the Wexner Center for the Arts and what we did was we stopped 60 pedestrians nearby this place and we were going to

Ask them to walk along a prescribed route from from the view that you see right now all the way down towards the end there where it looks like there’s a little garbage can right about over here so we had them walking from over here to

About over here and we gave them a story so we told them that we were testing cell phone reception and we gave half the participants a cell phone we just asked them to hold it at their side in their hands and we said that they might

Get a phone call and if they got a phone call on it they were to get on the phone and talk and we had no intention of ever calling them we just wanted to have them have the cell phone in their hand but they were not going to be acting

Interacting with it the other group were told that they were going to riste we’re going to be talking on the phone while they walk and they would be answering some questions as they went along again to test cell phone reception we had a script of sort of ordinary questions how

Was your day what did you have for breakfast have you seen any good movies or TV shows tell us about them that would cover the length of the walk and sort of sounded conversational so when they got to the end of the walk would they were they were actually pulled

Aside and we’ve been told that this wasn’t really the purpose of the research now along the walk we planted objects and we planted two at eye level and two at ground level so we have this boot which was an eye level we had a sign that said unsafe we

Had a little soda cup I’m at eye level and then on the ground we had this drawing and I was very proud to have a study that have to fake vomit in it so there was fake vomit along the route here and we asked people to walk along a

Prescribed route which would take them right next to all those things are right over those things so if they were aware of their environments they want to see them so at the end of the walk they were presented a survey again so that they represented these sets of images and

They were asked if they were told they might not have seen any of these but they if they saw one do they know which one they saw along on the route so this is the boot there is unsafe here’s the cup there is the drawing that was along

The route and there’s the fake vomit with some other objects and the question we were asking was whether we’re trying to find out is whether the people who were talking on the cell phones were less likely to recognize an object along the rat than the other folks and

Basically this is what we found people who are talking on the cell phones were less likely to recognize objects along the route and then people who are not in general the result results pointed to reduce situation awareness or recall associated with talking on a cell phone among pedestrians the exact same kind of

Thing you get with people driving so would such reduce situation awareness or the distracted attention generalized to unsafe pedestrian behavior that is would people who are talking on a cell phone maybe walk into traffic unsightly bump into one another other sort of unsafe behaviors like that and so the next

Study we moved away from the crime issue and we’re just trying to see one there’s an effect of this cell phone usage on safety in terms of walking so the question was do pedestrians who use mobile phones exhibit unsafe pedestrian behavior as this person is doing over

Here by the time we started this study the ipod have coming to you so we wanted to test it as well and to do this test we had to go through series of preliminary cutting procedures and we first wanted to identify a street which meant certain conditions and this

Was done on klappa campus so we were going to do observations during class breaks at sort of peak hours between 11 and 2 p.m. and we wanted to get places that would have adequate numbers of people who were talking on the cell phones or using an iPod so that we could

Observe them we wanted to get places that have an adequate flow of vehicles because we’re going to be looking at people crossing the road we also wanted to get situations where the individual was crossing by themselves you want to have a crowd effect where if you’re in a

Group of people and so if one person starts the cross everyone else does we also wanted to get that control but the speed of the vehicles and maybe being able to match up a single vehicle approaching a single pedestrian and so after checking out a bunch of plus wats

On campus we found a group that fit these these requirements so that we can actually do these controlled observations we then trained three observers to record a series of lots of information about the pedestrians their gender their technology use whether using an iPod were they talking on a

Cell phone or not did they bump into into something what action did they take were they safe crossing the street etc so this chart shows you the checklist if they would observe someone they check the gender what are they doing the intro to something that they bump into someone

Was there a car coming was their behavior unsafe etc so that we could once we got these these X in we could compare the three observations to see whether they were consistent and they were for most part and we could look at what the results then told us so we had

۱۳۱ pedestrians observed crossing the sidewalks we did this on three different locations and we had complete interobserver agreement on all observations except for which we then dropped from the study and this is the big result here that the self people who were talking on the cellphone exhibited unsafe behavior

Across all conditions most people want but for mobile cell phone users most of them walked when an approaching car was was there most of them stop for a stop car so this is the exact opposite of what you’d expect someone to do and this didn’t happen with the other groups they

Were walking into oncoming traffic more importantly this shows you the recording of unsafe behavior across the three groups so the people who were talking on cell phones had the highest percentage of unsafe behavior the people who didn’t have a cell phone or or an iPod were in

The middle and for some reason the ipod users have the safest behavior it seemed that when we looked at the ipod group and this was a relatively small part of the sample so it’s hard to generalize from this regardless of the situation they stopped and waited so if there was

No car there and they were on their ipod they were just stopping and maybe they were just listening to their music and enjoying it but the key finding i think is that is these top two cell phone users were more likely to walk unsafely into oncoming traffic than people who

Were not on the cell phone this was done before we had texting so we assume that if you introduce texting into the situation which is now prevalent and widely used you see people as soon as they break out of a meeting they get out their cell phones once they get out

Their BlackBerry’s they’re looking at it they’re texting to one another you would get a more intense effect and we haven’t tested that yet but that’s something we’d like to look at and we replicated this study in a much denser area in Brooklyn New York with a different group

Of people so the area in Columbus Ohio State was a moderately dense area but the Brooklyn findings were exactly the same so now I want you to picture a high school we know from from lots of research that teenagers have less developed brains they’re more likely to

Be taking higher risks so imagine a whole group of teenagers coming out of classes and grabbing their cell phone and starting to talk on it worse some of them are driving others of walking and then if you placed a big box store nearby and i’ll talk to you a little bit

About this later it’s a perfect situation for an accident in fact one study found the children speak when cells were forty three percent more likely to be hit or to have a close call an assimilated street crossing than kids who weren’t on the phones they were also

Less vigilant less likely to look left and right before crossing in at the street on top of this at the high school situation you know the kids talking on their phone driving walking you may also have parents driving and dropping the children off or picking them up so

There’s lots of activity with lots of distracted attention possible situation for us a safety what are the implications well for some time we wanted to get accident data some injuries could be minor others more serious there were there were newspaper reports but we couldn’t get systematic

Data about this a people who were hit by hit and killed by cars trains or buses while they were using mobile technology while they were walking and talking on mobile technology well we finally came across a data set that had injuries the Consumer Product Safety Commission collects data on an electronic injuries

It samples about a hundred hospital emergency rooms nationally and classifies injuries into various types and categories to estimate the occurrences of injuries at all 38 emergency rooms nationally this map on the bottom is showing you the location of all those dera Troyer a graduate student working with me look through

This database searching product codes that relate to cell phones and then reading the patient’s transcript to identify injuries for pedestrians talking on cell phones or texting on them well about half the injuries were for people under thirty thirty four percent for people under 20 this is picking up

The idea that younger folks might be more at risk for pedestrian using a cell phone and getting hit by a car the National estimate for a year would be about 52 and here you see a graph showing the the two patterns of injuries the red the red bar the red line here is

Showing motorized injuries related to cell phone use the blue line is showing pedestrian injuries related to cell phone use now it’s kind of hard to tell and this graph but when you apply statistics to it what it’s showing is that the motorized injuries are increasing at on a linear basis and that

The non motorized injuries are doubling every year so there’s a bigger increase in nonlin non-motorized injuries related to pedestrians talking on cell phones now the numbers are relatively small for the national estimate you know this sort of 1100 non-motorized and 1200 though motorized injuries but I think you need

To put it in into a context that tells us that what we’re picking up in terms of people going to emergency rooms doesn’t necessarily capture all injuries if you get injured you may decide not to be may decide to go to your own doctor you may decide to take care of it at

Home or you may decide not to do anything about it so these numbers should be taken in the context at least for for motorized injuries we know they’re 23 million accidents a year so the actual number of injuries related to non motorized cell phone use similar to motorized cell phone use would probably

Be much larger than with strong too well they say the tragedy is when you get hurt in comedy is when someone else gets hurt and here are some of the injuries that we picked up on 16 year olds boys will walk into a telephone pole while texting had a concussion an

۱۸ year old did the same a 33 year old woman twister ankle while talking on a cell phone walking across the street a man fell off his porch while talking on a cell phone some of you may have seen a popular YouTube video about a woman in Philadelphia in a shopping center

Walking along talking on her cell phone and she walked into a fountain and then sort of just got up and walked away and then a boy riding a horse and text text messaging let go of the reins the horse took off and he fell off and hurt his

Back so I strongly recommend that you don’t text while lighting your course well add to this the possibility of silent vehicles bicycles electric and hybrid cars if they’re hard to begin to hear to begin with and you have a distracted attention that’s even less likely that they’ll notice them in time

To avoid dangerous situation we know that some of the electric cars are thinking of adding technology to give them a noise so people will recognize them but we can see here there’s an effect of the engine type in terms of whether if someone’s likely to have an

Accident well what do we recommend what should we do from this a number of TV and radio interviewers were saying well you know what do you recommending some kind of national policy or state policy one thing I that troubles me for auto drivers is that states are adopting

Policies that say that you can’t talk on a cell phone while driving which is fine but it suggests that that um or that you can text it suggests that then sorry says you can’t have a handheld cell phone and be talking on it suggests that that if you don’t have a handheld cell

Phone and talking on it you’re safer or when the ones that are passing the legislation against texting suggests that talking on a cell phone in a safer and neither is true whether you have a handheld or non handheld device you still have distracted attention coming from it so at the state level if

They’re passing the legislation they actually want to be passing legislation to just you know that make it illegal to be talking or using a cell phone while you’re driving as for for best rien things I’m not don’t think at all we need to be regulating people using cell

Phones in public places I think it’s the same kind of thing that we do with kids when they’re crossing the streets when we come when we have little kids we tell them to look both ways before you cross the street parents ought to be telling their kids don’t walk and text they want

To model it for their kids and basically we ought to be developing over time a new set of norms for how to behave in public place and I’ve at least seeing this one thing on a bus your text can wait until you cross the street I think

It’s a good idea and if people get off the bus they get on the cell phone they start walking we could have more of these kind of messages just to make people alert that it may be unsafe to do this in public places well I told you I

Was going to talk a little bit about the big box store and why this was an issue with with pedestrian safety one study found that the big-box door leads to a 6.6 increase in car crashes and related injuries so where I live there they were

There there is a big box store within a block and a half or two from a high school so the combination of those two things would create the possibility for a higher rate of injury particularly with cellphone youths among pedestrians and drivers we know that walking and biking has environmental benefits air

Pollution congestion decreased need for roadway infrastructure less stormwater runoff land would be converted health benefits from physical activity reduce health health costs by replacing sedentary lifestyle with a more physically active one which can reduce obesity and diseases related to it so we need to as most planners know we need

To start designing places that that are more walkable and we need to replace images like these with places that are that are much more attractive for pedestrians to walk on and we need to change dull oriented streets to to ones that are pedestrian oriented standard things of taking the emphasis away from

The car and giving it to the pedestrian bringing this out so the pedestrian has a shorter walk across it giving them a clear marker for them allowing them you know clear access to it and making it also a pleasant place for pedestrians as opposed to just designing for the cars

Similarly here their little roundabout or circle they’re making the car move around and allowing the pedestrian have better access narrowing the road for the pedestrian so this doesn’t necessarily relate directly to cell phone use but it certainly would make pedestrian crossings and pedestrian use safer for all of us retrofitting older non

Pedestrian places like this who’d want to walk in a place like this I probably want to drive in a place like this to something that is a narrow street nice walkable sidewalk greenery is these research that I’ve done and others have done it’s fam vegetation improves the

Visual appeal of places and it is physiologically restorative for folks one of the classic early studies of the effects of vegetation on people was done by Roger Ulrich he was looking at people who were in a hospital for gallbladder study from a research standpoint he was lucky that people were assigned kind of

Its random two rooms with a view of nature’s or rooms of the view of brick wall and he found that the people who had the view of nature recovered faster had required less pain medication complain less to nurses there’s a whole series of things that suggested that the

The views of vegetation or restorative this was followed by a whole bunch of study so there’s a degree to which one might ask well in that original study was a little bit exaggerated because the brick wall is there so other people started to look at lots of more lots

More natural scenes and lots more urban scenes they tested physiological restoration they looked at recovery from stress and they repeatedly found that that nature was both preferred by people and restorative we did one study several years ago where we priests trust people and then expose them to drive through

One of three different kinds of roads one was a classic north eastern parkway so at curvilinear road with greenery all around it one was a highway with all sorts of development along side and one was sort of midway between the two so we had stressed people doing this this

Driving task at the end of the test we set up a procedure where they had a puzzle to solve and the deal was that they faced well they had four puzzles two of them were were insoluble and what we were measuring was how long they would persist in trying to solve the

Puzzle and we found that with the people who drove on the Parkway persisted a lot longer than than the other groups which meant that they had a higher frustration tolerance in the set of the greenery again was restored it but there’s a whole series of studies that have found

That to be the case so introducing vegetation both improves the quality of a place and has some positive of health effects on people that are going there makes it probably more attractive for walking and I think I’m ending a little bit early but I will turn it over to you for questions

Alright great thanks job um Jack actually has a he has a plane flight at about three or so so we are ending a little bit early a day so he can catch his flight so I’m our first question in the research of those walking while on cell phones versus those not on cell

Phones was gender taken into account when the comparisons were made we did look at gender that’s a great question and we found a sort of peculiar thing that was happening there was a slight difference between males and females the females were a little bit more aware though there I’m sorry with it the

Females were yes a little bit more aware of their environment than the males were and what happened was remember that we had some some objects on the ground and some that were up at eye level when we observe the females walking and talking a lot of them were sort of doing a

Polite thing as opposed to sort of standing straight up and looking straight ahead of them they were kind of tilting their head down and looking down so we think what happened was it by the way they position themselves they were seeing more of what was on the ground in

Front of symptom than the males were but there was a slight gender difference and that’s something that we need to do some more work on see what was going on okay great I’m our next question what is the source of the six point six percent increase in car crashes around the big

Box stores I’m it’s if you have a link to that study that would be great um hi I don’t have it immediately I can tell you that it’s a is there a way that I could email people for this thing work or yeah I’m the commissioner and we can

Get back to her about that okay yeah I’d have to check on it and be but I could certainly give you it’s a research is a planning faculty member at NYU who did that they did that study okay great well our next question on I don’t big box it

I stores attract more traffic so they should be expected to have more accidents based on the concentration of vehicles and pedestrians and is the real question whether the access and internal design are appropriate for the volumes that’s a good question of course they attract more traffic I pretty sure that

The sudden I have to look at a study i’m pretty sure the study controlled for that and was basically saying out it may have to be sure it has to do with how you design it in the entry and act and exit points from it you know you do have

With a big box you have this the huge parking lot with people backing in and out of parking places and that can be designed to be safer or less safe so there could be in this you know one study that was sort of looking at them there could be factors that relate to

The design and the size of them so you’d actually have to take a look at the larger study to see what was going on but from a planning standpoint i mean i’m not a big fan of big boxes for for a number of reasons and this this just

Adds one other factor that makes them a questionable development particularly located as the case of this one right near a high school the one that i mentioned okay i’m so similar to the question about the differences depending on gender on what were the differences by age and was on any sort of physical

Handicap taken into the consideration we didn’t we didn’t observe and neither of the studies did we observe any people with with either you know mobility problems in walking or problems with with with seen clearly so we don’t know about that age 44 the first study we did

Get age data and we didn’t find anything going on in that in a second data since study study since we were doing observations of people best we could do is guess age and we didn’t think that would be an adequate thing to do so um we didn’t assess them

But for the campus study I’m guessing it’s been a while but I’m guessing most of the people we did get some faculty and staff which would cover the broader range of Ages but most of people were would be undergraduates and graduate students so the raid that the age range

Might be 18 up to 35 or 40 in that group okay um well our next question what suggestions do you have for specific design changes for streets and pedestrian areas to increase safety for those using wireless devices and the motorists who may come into contact with

Them well I think I showed some examples one dies and again I talked about the the changing the norms I don’t know if this would be practical but but one thing might be something along the lines of it you know if you have an unsafe intersection where people are you know

Likely to encounter a car maybe some kind of reminder there for them to put down your cell phone otherwise it’s really the pedestrianisation the traffic calming kinds of things the things that would slow down the traffic so that they would be moving slow enough to stop in

Case of a pedestrian and that’s that that you know the sort of narrowing the street and giving me you know maybe making the cars go up and down as opposed the pedestrian going up and down things like that too pedestrian eyes an area and certainly I think you know so

If you have an area with an elderly population and if they happen to be cell phone users then you’d want to have the traffic lights that maybe maybe give them a little bit more time a traffic island in the middle of street if they can’t make it all the way across they

Could make it part way across so all the the safe sort of Street things for pedestrians I don’t know if that answers it adequately there’s a whole literature out there on and design examples of communities that have sort of retrofitted streets to for pedestrian use okay well our next questions a little

Bit different have you done any research on the effects of digital billboards on drivers I haven’t i’ve heard that I’ve heard that discussed as a legal issue it would be the I haven’t done the research i would guess it’s the same same kind of ending those billboards or set up to

Change as you’re driving by and that that change would grab your attention and so that it would do the same thing it would distract you from driving and i know some of the efforts of legislation are trying to control the speed the rapid litmus with which the Billboard

Changes and which seems like a good idea but those things certainly grab the driver’s attention and would certainly have effects on driver safety the same way that that using the cellphone did the one good thing by the way that I didn’t mention that that came out

Recently from from Apple is that this I guess the new iphone that they have coming out with will now talk to you directly instead of texting and having to look at the text it gives you in a spoken form so that’s a little bit better than having to look at the text

While you’re while your texting but it still has the same problem of of talking in the phone and since I’ve gone off in this little distraction let me add another set of side comment here so people ask why is why is talking on a cell phone unsafe when if I have another

Person say walking with me and I’m talking to them or have another person in the car with me and I’m talking to me why would that be safer and the I mean I I can’t say a hundred percent this is true but what I believe is happening is

That when you have someone in the car with you or when you’re walking along with someone next to you they’re in the same environment that you are and anyone who’s been in the passenger seat of a car no but occasionally when something dangerous is about to happen you may

Slam on the brakes even though you don’t have the brakes or you know you say something for the driver and so you’re both in the real environment attending to it in the case when you’re talking or texting on the cell phone the other person isn’t that with you so

Europe off in this other world and there’s no one there to sort of say hey watch out for the whatever it is it funny so that may explain the difference between walking and talking with other people who are right there with you and walking and talking with someone else in

Another place okay great um so our next question um have any big box companies taken your study into consideration when designing a site well mine wasn’t the study that tapped into the accident that was someone else’s studied as I wouldn’t know if they have taken into account

Cell phone use and pedestrian safety I doubt they would I think they’re we know they’re they’re there they have a certain way of building their their configuration and they’re working with the local Board of Zoning Appeals in the community to go back and forth to get

What they want i doubt that this issue of mobile technology comes comes up too much with that hey and is your study published online somewhere or I’m where could I our viewers find it it is the yes that that’s that’s those two related studies is published it’s because it’s

Published an accident analysis and prevention if you google my name and cell phone safe te should be able to find the full reference to it to get the details of the studies so yes it is available as a published study the the counts of accidents which are reported

Was not published I never submitted that the publication what what happened with that was at a New York Times reporter who saw the other study gave me a call and he was asking about accidents and we started to look at if we could find some accident data

And I provided him with the accident data that we found and then he did a front page story in The New York Times on pedestrian injuries related to cell phones so that one to get his story I think of you googled the New York Times you look that you could search the New

York Times website or google you know act pedestrian accidents and cellphone injuries were cell phone use and you should be able to pull up that story happened it was about a year or two ago I should I should mention also that we now have new data so that that data I

Think was going through 2008 I think we have Veda up through 2010 that we’ve analyzed and found that the pattern that we found is still going on with Adsense and this one I will be sponsored get it fully analyzed I will be submitting it to publications somewhere beyond mere

Times okay our next question where the incidence of accidents greater were sidewalks immediately abutted a curb or gutter as opposed to street sections where a landscape strip a separate sidewalk from the travel way a great question it turns out that all three places that we did the observations the

Sidewalk was directly onto the street so there was no buffer there is a other set of studies that I’m doing on walkability of streets for children this has to do with making kids more physically active so that they don’t become obese and we did some testing of what they noticed in

Streets and the kinds of streets they prefer to walk on and one of the things that we notice that buried was was this sort of the the edge of the street on the degree to which the the sidewalk you know directly about it this read whether

It had a little green edge or bigger green edge and had trees alongside of it turns out that for least for that study there were that was part of a larger set of things that matter to people so that that fit into a broader category of things that people noticed and seemed to

Affect their behavior was basically we call crossing safety that had to do with how wide the street was this was done with virtual reality walk through simulations we couldn’t actually get moving traffic so we were trying to get at traffic levels by manipulating Street work with and sidewalk quality and other

Things like that and that one we did find that an effect of that in terms of the walkability for people but I thought we don’t have it for cell phones so i can’t i can’t directly answer your question that’s a great other study than to do okay well beyond constructing a

Vehicle path of travel to improve pedestrian safety have you explored any strategies like noise or lights to grab pedestrian attention no we did we just think one thing that could happen that that sort of is like that and I max I spoke to a guy on campus about doing

This is that you could you could have your so you can have a cell phone you know rather than put you don’t want to put a sign out on the corner that tells people to look at me look at put down your cell phone but it seems like you’d

Be able to have your cell phone with all the new apps on it give you a warning that you’re about to approach a cross street in this stop talking and the mother is talking to this guy in computer science who does stuff in cell phones and he said oh that would be very

Easy to add to a cell phone I don’t think anyone has done it but it’s certainly like an app like that might be something if we’re out there the parents would put on their phone for their kids with GPS and other kinds of things you might be able to locate where you are

And whether there’s a car coming or just whether you’re crossing the sidewalk but we haven’t we didn’t propose anything like that we certainly haven’t tested whether whether it work and whether people would want to phone that was constantly talking about them and telling them to put down your phone and

Look to your left and right etc okay have you followed up with any municipalities or local governments who have adopted the hands-free cell phone usage as far as a reduction accidents or injuries related to lower / controlled use of cell phones you talking about is that is that talking

About accidents from cars yeah I believe it would be the hands-free and driving yeah we haven’t looked at that we our focus was primarily looking at pedestrian so whether whether the I think other people have found that it I I can’t but I think other people have

Found that it probably doesn’t have that large in effect because of the the other use of mobile technology but it’s something that we haven’t really looked at so I couldn’t give you a clear answer on okay I’m while our next question the data shows the use of technology have

Increased the number of both pedestrian and vehicular accidents a lot of that could be attributed to the increase in users have you done any calculations that show the rate that corrects for the number of users this is that’s a great question that’s why we didn’t try to

Publish the basement because to do to do a nap I quit comparison you’d have to know both the number of users and the amount of time that they are using so if you have if you have a cell phone user and you’re looking at accident rates and

You want to do a comparison because you maybe you want to compare say accidents related to cell phone use versus accidents related to alcohol which is what we want to do to get some sense of what was going on or two so you’d have to know how many people were using it

And how long they were using it and how often they were using it when they were walking on streets etc and that data is just isn’t available and so the initial my initial take on it was at least for journals they want you to do some kind

Of control comparison like that and we couldn’t get that the accident rate for both seems to reflect an increase in usage and it also seems to reflect an increase in texting so that may be an explanation of what’s going on as more people use the cell phones it is more

People use them for a variety of things you have an increase in accidents and I haven’t actually recently tracked the the number of second when we did the original publications we retracting the number of the increase in cell phone usage over a five or six year period where we’re sort of doubling

Every year so I don’t know actually what’s going on now I assume it is set up at least in the US where the data is from its kind of stabilized that probably a huge percentage of the population has them okay I’m Laura next question I gives an example of motorists

In Switzerland coming to a screeching halt when pedestrians approach sidewalks and have you have you research any European systems and their public education campaigns to find out why they have been successful on how to adopt this for us crosswalks wait what is one of the campaigns are doing in Europe I

Didn’t I didn’t hear that um they’re saying that the motor is in Switzerland whenever they see a pedestrian approaching a sidewalk they just come to a screeching halt dudas Oh education California and Oregon it’s the same thing there there are certainly different cultures I guess I should have

Thought about that as something that you know we’d certainly in the case of California and in Oregon if you if a pedestrian takes a step into the street the car stops in Columbus Ohio we were doing some earlier work on slowing down traffic for pedestrians and we were we

Were testing we wanted to get a baseline data and so students and i went to a corner and we took a step into the crosswalk where it wouldn’t be unsafe and we wanted to see what cars would do and it turned out that most of the cars

Sped up and swerved around us so there is a sure there’s a degree to which one can change local culture to make drivers do what you see in europe or do what we see in california and then in oregon and you know we’ve seen it in certainly in

My lifetime we’ve seen the change in norms with regard to smoking so you know back in the 50s and early 60s huge numbers of people with smoking everywhere and slowly it became a cultural norm not to do that and not to do it in your office and less and less

People smoked and this the question ray is they know how do you change behavior while one of the really good research researchers on this has discovered that one of the major ways you produce behavior change is by what he calls descriptive norms and disjunct and prescriptive norms so descriptive norms

Are sort of letting people know or when people become aware that everyone else is doing a certain thing they will do the same thing and in one study that this guy did he he was looking at hotel rooms in town in Arizona and you know that hotel rooms have these little

Things that they hang in the bathroom but they ask you to reuse your towel and so they look the kinds of messages that they gave and the messages normally said one of two things it said we reuse your towel to help save the environment or it

Said you know if you reuse your towel and help save the environment and then help save us some money we could contribute some of that money to sierra club or some group like that he came to that man said why don’t we test a descriptive norm why don’t we put up a

Flyer in the in the hotel room that says on any five-day stay the typical person in this room recycles their towels at least once this was true actually and so they then they ventrac tallies and they found that there was a huge decrease in there was a huge increase in number of

People who were recycling their towels because of that descriptive norm and if they actually targeted that the script of norm more to the specific situation if they told that if they said on average the person staying in room 203 the room of urine you recycle their

Their towel they get a higher rate of compliance that’s descriptive norms prescriptive norms are saying what you ought to do it’s basically saying you know what is the desired behavior and he gives them a to give you an example of a of a flawed advertising campaign that

Many of us know of there was an ad years ago which showed was about pollution and showed a an Indian paddling his canoe through this horribly polluted environment and at the end I think he gets out of the canoe and he’s walking down a road and someone

Drives by and through his a mattress off the back of it the the truck and the Indian starts to cry c.t.r dropping down his cheek well in terms of prescriptive norms what that advertisement is saying is that it is the norm it’s as desirable and the correct thing to do to throw out

Trash and what you actually want to do is flip that advertisement around and show people doing the desired behavior and he in fact made it a public service announcement that did that so it showed a family on their porch with a little the daughter talking to their parents

And they’ve got a whole bunch of stuff they’re going to recycle and the daughter is saying to them to the mom and dad well what about Joe down the street and cuts to this this this guy sitting on his porch and he’s got all kinds of crap in his yard and he’s not

Recycling so he’s the non norm and then the parents say well he’s different from everyone else he’s not doing the right thing and he’s the researcher said as an homage to the original ad he has the daughter cry at the end of the end but that’s showing a prescriptive norm

Similarly the ad forum for for not drinking and driving that’s been on TV where it shows people in a bar and it shows one of choice a bunch of friends in a bar and it has one of the friends when it’s about to take a drink and go

Driving the friend takes the car keys and says you know you shouldn’t drink and drive I’ll Drive for you that’s also giving you a prescriptive norm it’s very situational it’s saying that if you’re in the bar and about to leave and drive you want to really have someone else

Right so this thing it’s a long answer to your question but we can successfully change norms in society we did so with smoking we’re in the process of doing so with safe foods and physical activities to affect obesity and I think we could do the same thing in terms of behaviors

Of drivers in relation to pedestrians so I was a great question thanks okay well our next Shane have you looked at pedestrians using mobile devices and crashes involving bicyclists it’s the same issue we yeah there’s also bicyclist using the mobile devices but it’s the same thing if pedestrian is talking on the cell

Phone or texting they might not notice the bicycle coming coming up to them and if a bicyclist is doing it you might the bicyclist might light into a pole or something like that so if you’re not if you’re the pedestrian you’re not aware of your environment you might have that

Encounter because there’s the the issue of separating bicyclists and pedestrians I think there’s data out there that shows it’s much safer to bike in the street than on the sidewalk but a number you know some for reasons of avoiding traffic bicycles riders will bike on sidewalks and that may put them in

Conflict with pedestrians and if the pedestrian is on a cell phone there might be danger related to that I don’t know if that answers the question but I think it’s the same issue with ms with drivers ok well I’m our next question and Jackie then you can stop us whenever

You you feel you need to go on so would you know if the cell phone industry are they doing anything to avoid distraction I’m an idea that has been posed is a translator that can universally distort cell phone signals could be placed at crosswalk intersections or on auto makers could generate a distorting

Signal whenever a vehicle is in motion that’s a great idea i haven’t heard the cell phone industry doing anything about it and you know i will it worse it seems like they’re actually you know between cell phones there’s between the industry and car manufacturers I mean the newer

Cars that are coming out are coming out with the sort of cell phone texting thing built into your car you know so you just talk to it and comes on so I’m not aware of what the industry is doing certainly something like that would be a very reasonable thing for community today

Have that temporal if it’s politically feasible I’m not sure and what do you get the nanny state complaint and and wouldn’t be able to push it through politically but that sounds like a good idea but I I don’t know what’s going on with it what the cell phone industry is

Up to okay um well our next question and so what about other distractions such as smoking drinking and are those are the those activities also do about the same as far as their statistics I don’t know about smoking certainly drinking well we know drinking driving so similarly drinking among pedestrians would be a

Problem so but I I guess that you know that I know how smoking would would be a distraction other than trying to light the cigarette while you’re driving when walking might be an issue I did in terms of dropping back to the earlier question in terms of we talked about changing the

Norms for drivers on one radio show where I was interviewed about this some guy called in and he was saying well that that he was sure that that he could that he said you know they must there’s huge individual differences and that he was driving along and interstate right

Now at 65 miles an hour and he was talking in the cell phone and he had complete awareness of everything around him and so he believed in spite of the research that he was perfectly safe doing that and the reason I mentioned this that made me think of drinking and

Driving on how many people have heard an alcohol drunk drivers say I’m perfectly able to drive it’s different for me and I I suspect there may be are people out there who when they hear these studies about cell phone safety and driving and probably with pedestrians as well they

Say well I’m different I’m better than that maybe they are but at least the research shows that on average you know people people are putting themselves at okay um so how do you I’m not sure if this has been covered yet but how do you plan to use this information and where

Will it be applied is it going to be used for legal reasons to change Ohio law it they cite that it’s illegal to wear headphones attached to a phone used as an ipod in Florida have their Benny been any studies on how dangerous this is and is it more dangerous than talking

On the phone guess that’s kind of two questions the to the hands-free device you’re asking that the hands-free device there have been studies for drivers not for pedestrians but hands-free device is about as unsafe as a handheld cell phone so that that’s what i was talking about

If you if you pass legislation that says you can’t you can’t hold the cell phone and drive you’re basically implying to your to the rest of the people in the state that it’s okay to have a hands-free device which isn’t true and if i think the state of ohio is

Considering maybe they pass is considering passing the no texting law texting is less safe and then talking on the cellphone but passing that maybe gives people the impression that it’s okay if I talk on the cellphone which is not the case so what are we thinking about doing doing with it I quite

Frankly even though as I I’m a planning faculty member as occurred at the beginning I have degrees in architecture planning and environmental psychology and when I originally did it we were sort of more interested in a basic research question about does the cell phone affect pedestrians the same way it

Does drivers we were less interested less thinking about how it might apply to planning um and you know the more I mean when I talk about an answer these questions that you know that it’s less of a regulatory thing then designing safer places which we talked about and

Some of the other things so we I don’t have any plans in terms of pushing for four different kinds of regulation that you know I do strongly believe safe pedestrian streets have out of benefits other than the cell phone benefits they just make places nicer there more walkable healthier for

People and we’re looking at some additional research related to cell phones now that this never people are texting expanding this the project in some other ways but it’s less applied research than sort of basic questions but what’s going on ok and how’s your team worked with transportation planners

As well we have not I have a transportation couple of transportation planners on my faculty but we haven’t worked with them on it okay I’m Laura next question was any research done on the effect of various types of distracting conversation on a cell phone for instance a heated

Argument would be more distracting than light conversation I I agree with that that a heated argument would be all the studies of I’ve seen in the one we did was using a sort of a very calm easygoing conversation and certainly when we observe the people who are

Walking you know it’s hard to tell what was going on but we didn’t notice I mean what you could tell when someone’s oftentimes you could tell if someone’s angry we’re having a heated discussion they just look like they were plano they got out of class and they’re talking to

A friend on the phone so I that would be an interesting question I but we haven’t looked at that the intensity you the intensity of the anger would narrow your focus would now your attention on its own because you’re focusing on the anger in that in combination with the cell

Phone will probably never but I haven’t seen any study look at that so we’re you know we’re interested in the broader question of just whether it would have an effect okay I’m our next question have you looked at in vehicle tradus traction from new dashboard displays for

Example in the prius know the people that are doing the auto research are looking at some of those things so that i haven’t done that work even you know the question of looking at Europe your net your navigator to find your way to a destination will your eyes off the road

So big question with you know the the related thing that you find with why does texting more dangerous because you have your eyes off the road for a second or two so any of these devices that take your eye off the rose so it is going to increase your your accident potential so

Other folks are doing that research I’m not or I have it okay great um did you find that technologies are isolating people and thus reducing the herd defense that’s that that’s our next project that was the thing we’re interested in finding out the degree I think that’s what

You’re talking about is that what we talked about earlier in the talk is the degree to which the use of mobile technologies is changing the very nature of public places so when you when you go into a public place and no one has a cell phone they could see one another

They could they could notice what’s going on and acknowledge one another if you go into a public place and everyone there is on the cell phone and they’re all having private conversations that everyone can hear it seems to be changing the nature of what we think of

As public place and that’s to me as an interesting question from a design standpoint or planning standpoint and uninteresting just academic question is are by virtue of what’s going on with mobile technologies are we changing the community that we have in public spices and is that it I would assume that if we

Are that would be a bad thing but is that a good or bad thing so that’s some somehow we want to we haven’t quite figured out how to get at that but that’s something we’re sort of interested in getting to we were sort of touching on that at the beginning that

We talked about climb victimization if everyone is talking on the phone or texting they may not notice someone having a purse snatch so that’s the kind of thing we’re interested in getting at we think it’s an important question but that’s probably a year or so down the

Road we just talked about that about a week or two ago about trying to figure out a way to design a study to look at that there was an interesting follow-up study that someone did on pedestrians awareness of their environment just to get give you another example of how

Unaware people are my wish I thought about this when we did our study this guy dressed up like a clown and rode a unicycle so that was his distraction and the question was whether people who were talking on a cell phone would notice it and similar to our

Findings I mean he was right next to these people and similar to our findings he found that they didn’t notice this this major disruption of what you would normally see in a public place so I you know from that study and from our as I sense that the there is a major change

Going on in in what’s happening in our public places in cities small towns campuses great we actually had one of our viewers send in the link for that study and tilt to let you know about it so seems like you already knew about it I’m so our next question look at other

People see the link um I can go ahead and like all send it to everybody so II yeah one that they I think they might enjoy that yeah um well I think our next question and maybe it’ll be our last if you if you need to go um so you’ve been

Referencing a pulp a public place what do you consider to be an ideal public space what are you referencing when you say that well I’m sort of talking about the work that’s that come out it came out of William lights work and it’s now coming out of the project for public for

Public spaces that looks at you know characteristics of say successful applauses having lots of seats for people to sip connection to the road a some sort of somewhat will you might call the triangulation or something that would sort of get people to talk to one another when they’re there it might be

In some case it might be a performer it might be an interesting mobile sculpture or it might be a wonderful something a little different that catches their attention a food food court or something so there’s a whole range of things that that a project for public spaces now

Talks about to and you could you could google that if you’re not familiar with it and then check out their website they have a sort of a kind of a physical inventory that you can do for public for or public play different kinds of public places in your community to sort of see

The degree to which they have these desired features or not and then it’s I send students regularly I have to do this as a project for them and then it would be relatively easy frequently to just go in and say okay where this place doesn’t have adequate sitting spaces you

Know let’s add some some some sitting places for people let’s add you know they also talked about having different kinds of places for people to sit so if you want to sit privately you can do that if you want to sit in the public area you can do that so there’s a range

Of those things that make a place something that would attract people as opposed to one that would just be an empty one so from a design standpoint there’s some guidances of it I wrote an article about the sixteenth Street Mall in Denver which I thought was a great

Public place it met a lot of these criterias it was the articles in landscape architecture magazine a few years ago you could take a look at that word so it goes through some of the it uses that as a specific example thoughts about access the location of the mole is

Great it’s a block or two away from lots of major destinations it has great wayfinding signs so on any corner it’s telling you where you are and how to get to other places it has a free bus that runs back and forth in the middle of it

So that you can choose to walk the full mall or you can hop on a bus and get back to where you parked it has all kinds of seating options it has lots of little interesting sculptures along the way great I think a great great problem

One of many great public places and the project for public spaces website has examples of different kinds of what they’ve been a great public places around the country plaza is but not just plus it has it so you could look up a kind of place to see examples okay great

And I so for those of you who still have any other questions you want to ask Jack you can reach him at a nasser dot one at osu edu and that’s this email address and we’ll get back to you on some of the sources for his studies Jack thank you

Very much for the presentation I’m and for those of you who are still in attendance I’m just going to go through a few reminders in a moment before you let me say one last thing if you’re going to email me wait until Monday as

I’ll be out of town for a couple of days and so I don’t want my email box to get overloaded and have have your message of being found this but write down the message that you know if you have a question write it down just send it to

Me on monday and i’ll be happy to get back to you so thanks a lot i enjoy doing this i hope i was able to answer questions for you and i’m going to head out to the airport now hey thank you alright so for those of you still in

Attendance I’m going to go through a few reminders on logging your CM credits okay I’m so Deloris IAM credits for attending today’s webcast please go to ww planning org cm select today’s date which is friday october fourteenth and then select today’s webcast mobile technology distracted attention and pedestrian safety this webcast is

Available for y and a half CM credits um we’re also recording today’s session so you will be able to find a recording of this webcast along with a PDF on at ww utah APA org slash webcast archive and this does conclude today’s session and i want to thank everyone again for attending you

You

ID: FyAkcgw8gwM
Time: 1343494009
Date: 2012-07-28 21:16:49
Duration: 01:15:49

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