Title:شهرسازی آبی

۰۹-۱۲-۲۰۱۱ ارائه دهنده: تیم بیتلی این وب‌کست فقط برای مشاهده در دسترس است، برای اعتبارات AICP CM قابل استفاده نیست. این که ما در “سیاره آبی” زندگی می کنیم، با سه چهارم سطح آن توسط اقیانوس ها، اغلب در زندگی شهری و زمینی ما فراموش می شود. با این حال، شهرها به روش های عمیق، چه به طور مستقیم و چه غیر مستقیم، بر اقیانوس ها تأثیر می گذارند. شهرها می‌توانند و باید اقیانوس‌ها را در برنامه‌ریزی‌های خود بگنجانند، چیزی که می‌توان شهرسازی آبی نامید، و گسترش طبیعی تأکیدی است که بر سبز شدن شهری و شهرسازی سبز در بسیاری از شهرها امروزی داده می‌شود. این وبینار راه‌هایی را که شهرها بر محیط‌های اقیانوسی، نزدیک و دور تأثیر می‌گذارند، و اینکه چگونه شهرها می‌توانند اقیانوس‌ها را در نظر بگیرند و شروع به تمرین شهرسازی آبی کنند، بررسی می‌کند. یک شهر از چه راه هایی می تواند برای محیط های اقیانوسی و دریایی برنامه ریزی و مراقبت کند؟ و شهرها و ساکنان شهری چه وظایف اخلاقی در قبال محیط های اقیانوسی و دریایی دارند؟ این وبینار این معانی نوظهور شهرسازی آبی و برخی از مراحل و اقداماتی که قبلاً توسط شهرهای نوظهور شهری-آبی در ایالات متحده و سراسر جهان در حال انجام است را بررسی خواهد کرد.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: You you hi everyone my name is Brittany Kavinsky I just want to welcome you all it is now 1:00 p.m. so we will begin our presentation shortly today on Friday December 9th we have our presentation on blue urbanism giving by Tim beat Lee pardon me while my computer gets us

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Be available along with a six slide per page PDF of the presentation at WWE APA org slash webcast archive at this time I would like to introduce our speaker for today Tim beat Lee Tim B Lee is the truth Teresa Hinze professor of sustained communities in the Department of Urban

And environmental planning at the University of Virginia where he has taught for the last 25 years much of beat Lee’s work focuses on the subject of sustainable communities and creative strategies by which cities and towns can fundamentally reduce their ecological footprint while at the same time becoming more livable and equitable

Places he is the author or co-author of more than 15 books including green urbanism native to nowhere at the KU land-use and his most recent book bio philic cities beat Lee also writes a regular column for planning magazine called evergreen about environmental and sustainability matters he holds a PhD in

City and regional planning from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill let’s all welcome timbi Lee okay well thank you Brittany and I’m gonna first make sure that I can get the slides up so that everybody can see them so let’s try that hopefully that’s good and you can sorry Tim I’m

Getting them getting us switched over to you in just a second so okay so Brittany you’ll tell me when I’m when I’m ready then okay oh there we go ah so let’s see show mine okay so everybody should all be seeing these slides I’m hoping at this

At this point so blue-blue urbanism so as Brittany has said I’m I’m teach in an urban planning program I do a lot of work on sustainability and environmental planning and have have spent a lot of time thinking about cities and how we can green cities Green them and in the

Sense of making them function on a smaller ecological footprint so reducing their physical space their material consumption their energy consumption and greening them literally in terms of trees and nature and so on and but there is a part of my life that deals with thinking about coastal environments

Let’s see how am I gonna dance here let’s try this if this works hmm does not seem to be advancing you keep trying here yeah don’t know what’s going on let’s see hmm maybe down here let’s try that yes that works okay but I and I do

Have have written a fair amount about coastal management coastal planning Coastal Zone Management and uh and thinking a lot about that and but this is really quite quite different and it all started really with some time a lot of time spent in Australia in recent years where there to my way of thinking

There is a sensibility about the ocean and a connection to the sea that in many ways is admirable and I want to talk a little bit more about that as we as we go along so I the sort of began thinking about lured urbanism I wrote up one of

These evergreen columns for planning magazine kind of devoted to that topic and then a longer version of Blu Blu urbanism essay for a journal called places an online journal and and then actually Jennifer Cowley sent me a nice email and said let’s why don’t you do a

Webinar about this and so this is all by way of saying that this is very new to me and the purpose really of this hour or so is to throw out a number of things to think about maybe some new ways to think about cities and as they might

Connect and relate to marine and ocean environments so so blue blue urbanism is probably language that you’re not using yet but but I hope that that you will and and hopefully this today will be provocative and you’ll see at the very end I want to I want to enlist everyone

Listening to help me flesh it out and and give it some meaning and and provide some examples of blue urbanism so what it means and what it requires is still very much a formative things don’t very much to be to determine this is kind of my I guess what I have in mind

The notion of connecting urban populations and connecting cities with a sense of caring about an action to care about ocean and marine environments and you’ll see I have a number of ideas of ways that we might we might do that so you could also say that blue blue is one

Of those words that we we already of course use it in in planning circles and we we do tend to mean water and I have someone the other day asked me well well when you’re talking about bluer urbanism are you also talking about fresh water rivers and lakes and and of course we

Could think about water in the sense of of all the things we do in planning managing stormwater and floods and and what about low-impact development if a community does that or they blue is it is that way of describing there’s blue urbanism a term that would make have

Some meaning and those that’s probably those are probably good ways to use it but I’m using it here today they’re in a very distinctive way using it in reference to oceans oceans and marine environments and not that those other dimensions of water are not not important they are very important but

This is a particular area where I think we need to do some more thinking and we need some new language and some new impetus maybe to move forward so cities and urban populations that care about the condition of ocean in marine environments and to take tangible steps

And programs to protect and restore them so the inspirations are are many and I’d like to start with a quote or two from Sylvia Earle so the earliest one of the one of our heroes and one of the people who has has been raising the alarm bells

About the condition of oceans of our ocean environment and this is a cover of her I think her most recent book all the world is blue how our Faden and the oceans are one and this really it’s really a terrific book and shaped my thinking when I started reading it to

Two summers ago in the basic point of course is that we live on the blue blue planet but we tend to function as if we don’t or we tend to ignore that pretty basic fact and it’s maybe not a hard thing to understand the human human nature suggests that we’re going to pay

Attention to those things that are around us the things that we can see the things that maybe are most visible to us and even in urban settings and even in cities that are perched on the edge of oceans it may be hard it may be it is

Hard for us to understand the life full ecology and complexity of those ocean environments and many places that of course will be hundreds or thousands of miles away and really be underwater and beyond our sight so so it’s it’s an important the thing to connect them the

Other major point is that cities and urban populations and urban lifestyles affect the the condition of oceans in some pretty amazing and important ways so let’s see I’m going to try and be an advanced ski on here so why are our ocean ocean and marine environments

Important for us to to think about there are many reasons and here can this is from the world is blue sylvia earle look the ocean drives climate and weather originates temperature holds 97% of years water and embraces 97% of the biosphere far and away the greatest abundance and diversity of life occurs

In the ocean occupying liquid space from the sunlit surface to the greatest depths even if you never have the chance to see or touch the ocean the ocean touches you with every breath you take every drop of water you drink every bite you consume everyone everywhere is inextricably connected to and utterly

Dependent upon the existence of the see very very eloquent and the argument in you know in a in a very inin in one quick paragraph we are we are tied to the ocean and our fate is tied closely to the condition the quality the health of that

That ocean environment and we are on the ocean planet 3/4 of our planet is ocean so so working to try to make that ocean relevant to cities and it’s kind of interesting to think about our urbanizing plan at this we’ve now passed the 50% urban mark on the way to 70 or

۸۰ or whatever it will be and so we are an increasingly urban planet it becomes ever more important to connect those cities and urban populations to to the health of oceans and we can do it in in many different ways well urban populations care about about oceans I think is an interesting thing

For us to to ponder and for me this goes back to some of the experiences I’ve had in Australia and begin actually going back to 2005 if you probably some of you don’t know what this is this is a Welsh picture of a whale shark and there’s a

There’s a place in Western Australia you hear a lot about the Great Barrier Reef in Australia but on the other side of the country there’s a tremendous fringing reef called Ningaloo reef and it has been threatened with development over the years and they have been able to protect it beaten back some major

Large resort developments that would have done damage and it happens to be a place of tremendous biodiversity for ocean creatures including an area where whale sharks congregate and I was there in 2005 lived them not a Ningaloo but lived in Perth region in the town called

Fremantle and it was it was the center of the campaign to stop this resort development based around the sense of wanting to obsessive caring about the creatures in particular the whale shark and and it was my first insight I guess into how an urban population a population of a couple of million people

Several hundred kilometers away from from the from this particular ocean environment could could care about in could activate a sense of carrying and become energized around conservation that that they even though they weren’t seeing it every day and and may have a limit may have had a limited knowledge

Of that reef they cared about it and when when given the insight and information and when that connection was made they a sprang into action this past summer we spent part of the summer in Australia as well and and learned that one of my colleagues one of the things

You can do they’re kind of sustainable tourism opportunity is to for a limited number of boats they will take you out and they they you can swim actually with the whale sharks are very very gentle and one of my colleagues 85 year old mother was looking forward to doing this

And it was quite apparent ly quite a quite an event for her and it wasn’t uncommon to hear about people in the city of Perth talking about the whale sharks and about Ningaloo reef and and and several times when we lived in Australia they were they were wailed there were whale beachings actually

Terrible events where a call would go out on the radio and in a matter of a few minutes hundreds of people would descend on a beach somewhere to help to try to save whales and one of the last ones was a pot of pilot pilot whales who

Don’t understand why they get why they do this but these are examples of ways visceral examples for me of ways in which urban populations can be shown to really care about about coastal and marine creatures anyway if not the larger environments but we have become profoundly disconnected from all aspects

Of nature I I do this thing sometimes where I ask people to tell me if they can identify us show them photographs of birds and common species of birds and trees and plants and and generally I find that they’re they’re not able much to tell me correctly not able to identify

And that’s in some ways a sign of the times we’re spending more time on computers and we may be learning more about something far away but not so much about the nature around us and this year I did our last year and this year I did this interesting thing where I showed

Some images that you’re seeing now of marine creatures and asked students just to identify what they I didn’t I didn’t give them the labels that you’re seeing here to identify them and it’s it’s a little bit surprising that a very distinctive sea turtle like the loggerhead sea turtle most of my

Students can’t visually identify and the same is true with different species of of whales even though a sperm whale the form of that whale size and shape of that whale is so dramatically different from say a humpback or the northern right whale that you see here so there

Are lots of there’s lots of evidence I think that would that would confirm that we have we are disconnected from from certainly the nature around us but also the nature like like marine and an ocean ocean nature that we can’t see very much of so there is a lot of it though and

Here are some examples in fact from the recent census of marine life it is it has commonly said and it is true I think that there is more biodiversity in oceans particularly when you look at the phylum level you look at yeah species and creatures that do things that the land-based

Creatures just don’t do and diversity at that phylum level is really quite remarkable here’s just some some examples so we’ve just finished the ten year the ten year census of marine life which was a process for collecting information there were hundreds probably thousands of scientists around the world

Doing projects and research to document the biodiversity and oceans and and they’ve been a series of documents to come out of that this is one of them written by Nancy a quote from the NC Knowlton the 2010 book at the end of the ten year census of marine life most most ocean

Organisms remain nameless and their numbers unknown this is not an admission of failure the ocean is simply so vast that after a decade of hard work we still only have a snapshot though sometimes detail what the sea contains to see us today in trouble if citizens have no votes in a national

International body but they are suffering and need to be heard I’m tremendous biodiversity but it’s just skimming the surface we just barely understand that biodiversity you can and statistic you’ll sometimes hear about having having explored maybe five percent of the ocean the ocean seafloor for instance it’s a vast that vastness

Hides so much of what’s there but it is in fact being impacted and is in in trouble in many in many ways okay I’m gonna maybe move a little bit faster now if I can and I’m not getting very far my slides so what what are the connections between cities and the

Health of ocean and marine environments and and some are very obvious and and some are clearly direct and some are more indirect and the the land-based pollution that makes its way into and the coastal environments might be an example of a direct cause a more direct path indirect pathway might be the the

Urban form of our cities that requires us to be very car dependent we know that’s the case with most American cities and we have a heavy dependence on on oil and fossil fuels more generally and that has an impact of course on oceans and the Deepwater Horizon spill

Is is one of the more dramatic events have happened and very sad event from my perspective but but not an uncommon event in the sense that there are lots of spills and lots of impacts that that perhaps don’t get as much as much attention but the connection between

Urban form and urban lives and cars and oil spills not not not a connection lost on on planners and for example Todd Whitman wrote a wrote actually I think us two series of essays in point F isn’t one of them entitled sacrificing pelicans to petroleum gods in which he makes that

Direct connection that that one of the one of the ramifications are one of the the responses that we might imagine from planning is to is to redouble our efforts to reduce consumption of oil dependence on oil and he makes the connection to smart transportation smart transportation energy conservation

Strategies and a whole host of things that most of us in planning would support from increasing fuel taxes transit and rideshare improvements walking and cycling improvements car sharing Smart Growth policies any number of things that we tend to to talk about that’s a direct connection a way in

Which oceans are impacted by by urban form but there are many other ways this is a very interesting image a map that’s been prepared by the New England Aquarium and actually part of a northern right whale study that they have they’ve been producing some pretty impressive materials lately in that on that subject

But this is a what I’m calling an example of ocean sprawl and of course to talk a lot about terrestrial sprawl but we really should be thinking about sprawl in the much larger sense it’s not just the things that happen not just the form not just the suburban or exit’

Urban development patterns on land it’s the extension of those things on on water ocean ocean and marine environments so this is an interesting image so you’ll see there are there’s some areas that the land-based areas are coded by extensive watershed impacts on the and then there’s a series of ocean impacts from

From blue low being blue being low to red being high and the watershed impacts will be in green and you know red being high as well and so the red areas represent extremely urban high density of human activities blue areas represent relatively untouched oceanic habitats so

The Marine data part of it is a compilation of dredge dredge disposal sites shipping intensity and fishing intensity that’s averaged by Statistical Area so and the terrestrial watershed overlays include population density numbers of toxic chemical releases and percentage of land and agriculture so it’s an interesting effort particularly

On the ocean side to begin to layer all these these different uses and understand that that they in a sense are the extension of the urban and industrial activities that happen on on land base so the movement of the traffic from ocean vessel this is the movement

Of goods one could argue that that’s a that’s a component of an urban ecological footprint it just it’s happening the impact of it is happening on on on an ocean so got to begin to think about this larger spatial scope another example here from from Cape Cod from the Massachusetts coast in an

Effort actually to put on a map some of the projects that that tend to happen in offshore tend to happen an ocean and marine environments and and I won’t belabor this but you see everything from liquid natural gas terminals offshore pipelines sand mining energy projects of

Course went wind farm as we know about of course that then controversial and off of Cape Cod waste disposal sites and so lots of there lots of pressures and lots of things happening in those ocean coastal offshore environments there are also of course impacts from cities that involve discharge of many

Different things from from municipal solid waste municipal sewage the the impact of of lifestyle and urban populations on on the this flow of plastics and garbage ocean environments we’ve talked about this for a long a long long time and you’ve probably heard about the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

That that and my son estimates a hundred million tons or something like that if garbage floating in and as this illustration suggests that there there has been that that that the big one north of Hawaii but also a second one actually off the coast of of Japan and

And now actually a rather large one identified along the Atlantic so these are perplexing what do we do about them and and how do we address them and do we take some responsibility for them as urban has urbanites generating that that trash that garbage we also use the ocean

Of course it’s a great source of protein and and we’ve extracted a lot of things a lot of fish from from it from them and one of the main messages of Sylvia Earls book is that we’ve we tended to have the perception of oceans as being these

Places where you can you can throw anything into it discharge anything into it pollute as much as you want the ocean is so vast that you won’t see any results you wants any impacts that it can absorb it’s just the vastness of it makes it so resilient on the other hand

Of the popular perception that you can take as much as you want from the ocean that we can harvest as quickly or massively orphis and that we will pen that will be ever ever a cornucopia yeah and we know that that’s simply not true any longer as we’re watching the

Long-term decline of global fisheries and then seeing some some more optimistic stories among long Atlantic along them American fisheries in some places we’re partly because of a stronger fisheries management system here in the US we’ve we’ve seen some fisheries rebound and that’s all very all very good but the bigger question

Remains how how we will transition from a planet of seven billion to whatever we will eight or nine or ten or more we’re a very large percentage of the world’s population requires for at least partly requires protein from from the sea how how will our ocean environments continue

To sustain be sustained and that becomes an urban question as well so partly this is about changing our mindset and changing our perception of the world I have a friend here in the Environmental Sciences Department Carlton Ray who actually says one of the first people to write about the the biodiversity and

Ocean environments and he was commonly a incensed that our maps never seem to say very much about oceans that that all of our maps kind of had in all the color and the topography and the interesting things we’re all happening on land and then at the edge of that map

You’d have this empty thing that was maybe it was blue or black or it just was empty and and what kind of a message that that sent to us so so this is actually one of the maps that global maps to come out of of this marine

Census that isn’t complete by any means but you’ll see some squiggly lines which are whale migration patterns and some some of what we we know about the ocean environment and animal you know hopefully add to that for this overtime but it certainly is a change in perception lots of other examples of this

My friend Armando carbonelle from the Lincoln Institute has done I recently done a graduate planning studio in fact looking at planning in south eastern Massachusetts and which he did the interesting thing or the class did the interesting thing of putting the region which is in this red shape putting it in

The context of the larger ocean and marine environment and its relationship to the Gulf of Maine in particular I think that kind of orientation spatial orientation would help a great deal there is an awful lot of work going on now in the area of ocean and and marine

Spatial planning and some of it has grown out of state coastal zone management programs like the one on the right which is one of the early efforts that an ocean plan and that’s from the state of Oregon on the left actually is the interesting example of a Cape Cod

Commission and they have just recently in fact October 13th issued their Cape Cod ocean management plan which applies to this extended spatial boundary here so here’s a cover shot of the of the plan which can be had online can gotten from their website and and a whole

Series of spatial maps for this larger this ocean environment around the Cape which is interesting and and here you have an example of the mapping of what they’re calling special sensitive and unique or habitat area so these are important environments for right right whales and humpback whales and fin

Whales and in very various bird species and habitats like eel grass and so a whole series of habitat maps and resource maps and then leading to the kinds of planning maps that we often do for terrestrial environments in this case as you see here is a wind energy

Avoidance area so you’ll see it’s a lot of it along with shorts it incorporates visual and act as well.but mapping that leads them to planning and policy decisions of that where you cite things and where you shouldn’t cite things and trying to again take the the condition the quality

The the health of that ocean environment and the species that inhabit it into it into account so the bigger the bigger track here the bigger bigger story really is that this marine and ocean spatial planning is now happening in many parts of the US and there was an

Interagency ocean policy task force that that fleshed out a framework for this that divides the country into a series reached regions and so and sets in motion a process for doing this kind of marine spatial planning in various places and so in my part of the world

It’s called Marco the Mid Atlantic ocean planning process here’s the map just showing you some of the showing you the different regions around the country so it’s an exciting time to be thinking about spatial planning and marine marine and ocean environments so that’s an important step what what else ought we

To think about what else ought to be part of a blue an agenda of blue urbanism maybe we ought to think rethink the very way in which we’re moving things around we say that oceans are out of sight and largely unoccupied by human beings but it’s interesting to look at a

Map like this shipping lanes and understand that there at any one point in time we have a huge occupation of ocean and environments actually and those that that shipping traffic has a tremendous impact on that environment sometimes that impact is is in the in the form of directly killing or harming

Ocean ocean creatures like the northern right whale here on the left there are things that we can do to adjust that that traffic this is the example of ships moving shifting the shipping lanes abundant a bay of fundy to avoid high density congregation areas for northern right whales actually very

Very effective we could imagine greener modes of moving things around shifting could be green might this might look a little a little fanciful but there’s a company based in Brussels actually sky sales that sells these systems and they’re they’ve been being installed they argue that with the sale systems if

They can route they can reduce a fuel consumption for ships by thirty five percent or more the whole idea of greening ports is is an interesting strategy as well the Long Beach port in California when I wrote this essay for four places magazine or places journal I

Got a very interesting our email from from a social step along Long Beach port saying well we are we’re doing a number of the things your argument you’re arguing for and greening our point port so here’s not a very good power point but this they’ve adopted a green port policy which basically makes

Sustainability their kind of key operating principle embedding it in everything that they do it’s resulted in a whole series of tangible planning and policy changes they’ve been promoting green trucks or clean clean trucks actually and trucks that need a higher emission standard and actually putting in place both a regulatory system and

Also early on a system of financial incentives so that shipping companies would would use these green trucks to move goods around and and thinking about the emissions of ships when they’re in port here’s an example one of the first examples of a an electric power plug on

And actually have the image on the right is photovoltaics on a ship that at least some of the energy needed to actually power the boat coming from from renewable energy so that’s an important dimension as well we can imagine greening ports in some significant ways and that that’s and there’s almost you

Know always a Port Authority or some opportunity for local governments to to be to be pushing pushing this agenda so another area is to rethink the extraction of things from from oceans and so here here’s a classic connection between again the the footprint the ecological footprint of that of a city

And and where things are coming from and these are back to the images of fish so many many things that we we should be talking about when it comes to reforming the sourcing of fish and the management of Fisheries in some ways there are parallels to fishing global fishing

There too that are parallel to industrial agriculture we of course have have seen a process of shifting to larger and larger ships that that extract larger and larger amounts of fish and then and have tremendous impact on the on the natural environment in the process what can we do about that what

Can Abin populations do to exert a change or to effect a change and and certainly consumers and cities could make a difference here’s some examples of some restaurants notable example Turner fisheries and in Boston its declared last year that it’s the first Boston’s first 100% sustainable seafood restaurant what does that mean means

That they’re sourcing all of their fish from from certification systems that ensure that have attempt to ensure that they’re coming from from a sustainably managed fishery so these certification systems are several several times several different examples that we could talk about this is one for the Gulf of

Maine which is a more local example probably a lot of you have heard about the Marine Stewardship Council which is which is a global example and there are now hundreds in fact of certified fisheries I’m pulling out my numbers now actually 268 fisheries globally that have been

Engaged in the program 135 that have actually been certified so this is a there’s a set of standards principles and criteria that fisheries have to meet and then there’s a third-party verification of meeting those standards and then once all that happens this hopefully is a transparent system and

Once that happens then then producers can use this label and consumers ideally would would then seek out products that that carry the Marine Stewardship Council logo so it is impressive the reach of this program I’m going back to my statistics here the together the certified fisheries account for annual

Catches of close to nine million metric tons representing over 10% of the annual global harvest of wild capture fisheries that’s pretty good it’s not a perfect system the other images you see here on the top are examples of a more consumer based approach which is the most notable

One being Seafood Watch program of the Monterey Bay Aquarium which attempts to monitor fisheries and puts out these cards and information to guide consumers to steer them away from from buying from choosing fish that are that habit they create and have negative effects on the ocean environments and also that are

Over harvested or in bad condition so we it’s interesting to see where the system ends up this is new seasons grocery store in Portland that actually actually color codes the seafood they sell and their seafood Department based on the red yellow and green the system of Monterey Bay Aquarium so

Green is preferred ready to stay away and yellow is kind of in the middle cautionary so that that’s what certification of sustainable man that sustainably managed Fisheries we should do more be doing more of that urbanized certain populations can have a big impact there we can also do many things

To support local fishers and again for cities and urban populations perched on the edge of oceans and marine environments there there could be many things many ways of reorienting consumption in ways similar to the other things that we’re doing in local food and so there is the concept of a commutative community supported

Agriculture and now a parallel idea of community supported fisheries that has emerged a similar notion where you you buy a share and your your money is going directly to local fishers usually they’re there their small-scale operations and they’re having less impact on the on the habitat and they’re and they’re acquiring they’re harvesting

In a more sustainable fashion and that money is kept locally for all the same arguments for as you have with local local food so here are some images from one that’s not too far away from me called walking fish in in Durham North North Carolina but there are many others

And this is one I had the chance to spend some time at last spring Cape Ann fresh catch CSF and Gloucester Massachusetts and yes Dori who runs a an organization that had a lot to do with starting this but it’s an interesting CSF and during during the summer months

At its peak there are more than a thousand members embassy SFM and they are many of them residents of Greater Boston so it’s very much an example of the kind of urban connect connecting urbanites with the health of a local local fishery so Nia’s is but by the way

Part of an organization called Northwest Atlantic marine alliance or EMA they have a terrific website and they have been passionate advocates for smaller-scale sustainable fishing fishery fishery management so very very very impressive and just like the CSA subscribers or members learn much more about the fish that they’re eating first of all it’s

Fresh and they get it within within a day that’s getting you’re getting a very fresh kind of food but you’re also learning about it so in the in the typical share you you would learn that there is more than one kind of flounder for example you might understand you

Might hopefully learn that there is a difference between yellowtail flounder and black back the flounder for instance a different sentence it’s look at size it’s biology and a difference in its flavor as well so connecting urbanites directly to that that ocean resource basis is a key strategy here partly this

Will involve planning and rethinking how we can we how we can make sure that we maintain those working water fronts one of the problems in cities like Gloucester where is that those places that use those parts of the waterfront that used to be there for processing and

Sure docking boats that that land use has shifted to other things in some cases recreation some cases housing but there’s that there are lots of efforts around the country to stimulate to protect spaces and to make sure that we we maintain those working waterfront part of the answer to the fishing

Question has to do with producing more fish in land-based systems so Sylvia Earle I’ve mentioned a couple of times and she is a major advocate for closed-loop aquaculture systems not the kind that do so much damage the kinds that are that are filling wetlands and doing in our ocean base those can be

Very destructive but arguing that that in cities actually we could be producing more of that that those those fish we need that protein that we need and and maybe diverting some of the global demand away allowing allowing natural fisheries ocean fisheries to repopulate and be restored so here’s an example

Will Allen’s growing tower aquaponics example where you have integrated vegetable production with fish fish production so very interesting system where the waste from the fish becomes a nutrient for growing plants and it’s a very much a closed-loop sort of system it’s given inspiration to a commercial full-scale commercial operation in

Milwaukee called Sweetwater organics you see some images here where they’re producing a large amount of perch species that that was a favorite species in the Great Lakes numbers have crashed and this this is a major opportunity to produce fish in the very urban population this is a this is all

Happening in the fact in a factory so it’s a kind of a reuse of an urban building and in Milwaukee as well here’s some other images that that show that how the system how the aquaponic system works I’m fast running out of time so I’m going to go even a little bit

Faster so what else could we do we could as cities redouble our efforts to control and contain waste and in particular things like plastics we know that that’s a huge huge problem a number of very positive things happen have been going on the image on the left is meant

To show the good efforts of cities like San Francisco to the ban plastic bags and and and that’s happened largely justified based on on a concern about about coastal environments our ocean environments the image on the on the right is kind of interesting you going to quote this project ties a which which

Is there been a number of interesting proposals to go out and extract to clean up the plastics and the waste in in these large areas and actually use it as a fuel and so the images on the right and quote on the right is is a meant to convey this very interesting a

Joint commitment between an energy company Covanta energy and this project cuz I and they announced this in 2010 project ties I taking the lead they’ll collect plastic debris from ocean for remediation testing Covanta energy will use the debris to test its new waste of fuel technology to convert the plastic

Into a diesel substitute using its catalytic process for converting solid organic materials directly to mineral diesel fuel if successful in reading from the from the press release the end result is expected to be an innovative sustainable solution for communities around the world to deal with non recyclable plastic and plastic waste and

A pretty high percentage of the plastics are not recyclable the kind that you find in these by ocean environments so cleaning up and then also the opportunity of using this waste to produce power that’s an interesting approach and again herb urban urban populations and cities could and should

Be leaders and promoting this so what else what else what other ways are there that that a city that that blue urbanism might might be advanced well there are sometimes fanciful ways of visually connecting us actually occupying some some of marine and ocean environments I’m not sure that I necessarily not not

Advocating this but it’s it’s interesting to look around some of them are renderings and proposals and the hotel on the upper left is a reality actually that’s a you know that’s a visceral connection it may have some other impacts of course and we don’t like this is the example of relatively

New Oslo Opera House are there ways to connect wall urban and water environments and Kindle or rekindle a an interest in ocean environments this was an example from from New York the pneuma exhibition rising currents where partly there would be a glass wall that would visual connection to the to the water

Environments around New York even really fanciful ideas like this one this is a belgian architect who imagines floating cities in in these kind of float around and they would produce all their own power and and grow all their own food and of course it hasn’t to happen but is

That part of the solution I’m not sure not convinced there are many things many other things we can do to connect cities viscerally connect them to ocean and marine environments two summers ago we had a very interesting green small Greenpeace expedition that resulted in some pretty incredible discoveries at

The bottom of the ocean sort of discoveries of unusual creatures there could could cities be sponsoring expeditions and in and ocean and coastal ocean the marine resources could we be sponsoring protected areas that go well beyond the reach of the boundaries of a city or beyond the sight

Of a city and and the chocolates marineford to one of the largest protected areas the UK government has created not long ago in the Indian Ocean another large example of a preserves the northwestern Hawaiian Islands marine National Monument I I suggested or floated this very I think very interesting idea that maybe cities

Cities have a lot of sister cities around the world perhaps there’s something that we might call an ocean sister city this is actually a quote from this blue urbanism essay why shouldn’t blue cities adopt the marine habitats particular seamount hydrothermal vent or underwater Rift Valley populated with whales sea turtles

Or marine invertebrates school children could learn about the habitats neighborhood clubs could organize cultural exchanges and corporate donors could support research and intervention efforts a kind of a crazy idea maybe Oh push and sister city so it may be a little hard to visit well hard to exchange delegations between ocean

Habitats and that that terrestrial City but it’s an interesting concept this idea that we commit maybe that cities it’s not just commit to the ocean the nearby ocean environments but also commit to learning about and stewarding over and helping to protect and conserve ocean environments that may

Be some distance away and and how would that how would that what worked kind of interesting I be curious to hear about any reactions to that idea that some of you may may have okay so I am actually coming sort of to the end of this it’s

Got a few more slides other ways that cities could connect to ocean environments this is the example of the Baltimore Aquarium has a a satellite a small satellite aquarium and on the second floor of the Barnes & Noble store in downtown Baltimore it’s an interesting idea this is my fuzzy

Picture but if you could set up a camera and watch people are just drawn to to watching the fish and watching the things moving around in this aquarium it’s a it’s a very visceral demonstration I think of Biophilia and biophilic urbanism and do we need to do

More of that that kind of thing are there ways to creatively connect urban settings with things going on in oceans in in Perth they had a very interesting there’s a diving organisation that has a camera that that that sends 24 hours a day sends video from a shipwreck off

Shore and sends it to your your computer and anyone one can log on and look it’s sort of like the the Eagle cams and bird cams that we have you know peregrine falcon cams that let us watch things that may be hard to see are there similar ideas that that would help to

Viscerally connect cities and oceans here but humpback whale project this is all about sound the idea that that we have these under underwater microphones could be capturing sound sounds of many things underwater but but in this case of songs with humpback whales sending it back sending it so that others can hear

It somewhere you know in a more urban environment perhaps perhaps hundreds of miles away I actually passed over I think another image I’m going backwards so somehow I’ve missed an image but there-there are research projects that involve tagging species for example tuna and then and then being able to display

Their movement patterns online and classrooms schools and classes can use that again as a way of kind of connecting to to seeing something that would otherwise be difficult to see well there’s also a civic dimension and so these are images actually of coast care chapters of something called coast care

And in Australia it’s a very impressive thing how many volunteers in that country spend time Saturdays and Sundays and other parts of their life helping to restore coastal environments it’s mostly terrestrially oriented as this image on the left suggests but could we imagine could we harness that that that that

Caring a care for ocean and marine environments and steer it in the direction of volunteerism and work that that urbanites could do there probably lots of ways that we could imagine that this is one example actually kind of a funny example of a woman in in Delaware

Karen Allwood has become a bit famous for on her on her strolls and in – her in her her jogs along the beach turning over horseshoe crabs and that the point of this really is to say that we can make a huge difference even have an even

Eat at an individual level and so if you read the article it says that in in a period from mid JMA through the end of July all wood turned over almost 30,000 that had the misfortune of being stranded of being upside down that’s a civic dimension there many

Other ways that that that we could make a difference there are lots of opportunities in fact for urbanites to be involved in marine and ocean science and lots of examples of citizen science and this is one example of of the there are hundreds of citizen spotters who

Follow look for northern right whales as they as they move from north to the southeast at cal calving grounds that the along the south carolina or along the georgia and florida border and those volunteers are very very important the spotters are very important for tracking movements and understanding the biology

Of those of that particular species I had the chance to to interview the head of this program called dolphin watch in in Perth which is a very interesting story as well these are Indo Indonesian Indonesian dolphins and they actually occupy the river river environments in Perth the Swan and

Canning River and there are 200 certified dolphin watch volunteers now who who keep logs and they identify where they where they see the dolphins and there’s a fin book that that is the kind of comprehensive book for identifying individual dolphins so they’re able to know which dolphin it is

And this is a volunteer citizen based program is connecting residents and in emotional ways to to the to this aquatic environment so a very very positive story indeed this is a drawing if my daughter couple of years ago I loved this the idea of combining peace symbols

And whales but education is a key part of this as well so blue urbanism involves incorporating marine and oceans education rhenium ocean environments and everything that we do everything we teach about certainly I see certainly all of our environmental curricula ought to incorporate that here’s an example from

From Lisbon in Portugal where where there the aquarium they are called the ocean Aereo it works with schools throughout the country and they almost all those schools have a marine and ocean curriculum marine and ocean component to what they teach I think that’s ultimately what we’re going to

Need to do as we move forward and building urban populations developing urban constituents and people and families and organizations that will support ocean conservation so this one room that you see here is the main aquarium room and what they do is they they bring classes and the classes

Actually can sleep they spend the night in in this aquarium room so so education has to be a key component as well it can happen in in some unconventional ways sometimes and this is a an example from Hawaii and yeah I’m a Bay a beautiful Bay and reef system that harbors a lot

Of life and but to visit it you start from kind of above and you and you move down into this this beautiful Cove but to be allowed to enter the park you have to make your way through this you know you actually have to sit and watch a

Very brief video about the about the beauty and about how you should protect them and how you should behave and in the park perhaps that’s not a terrible thing to require sometimes that that as a condition of using something of enjoying a particular habitat or visiting a particular habitat that you

Might actually have to to learn a little bit more about it first and so there are a lot of very creative ways that we could not be teaching so I actually am at the end of the slides and sorry too gone so fast over a lot of them but so

Here is the question I think it has been about an hour and so I’d love to hear your reactions to any of this crazy is this a crazy idea can we imagine urbanites caring about things I can’t see an ocean and marine environments hundreds of miles away I’ve covered a

Lot of ground suggesting that it’s about rethinking fish fish and Fisheries it’s between management fish consumption that’s about ports and movement of goods shipping it’s about extending spatial planning so that it’s not just we’re not just planning and zoning you know in a fast round or fast land

Trés drole land but rather thinking about how it extends into those water environments around cities I’ve even suggested that that cities take some leadership in protecting learning about protecting and connecting with ocean environments maybe some hundreds of some distance away the idea of ocean sister cities that may be the strangest idea

From from from today so I think that’s it there are some resources if anyone’s interested there is this extended essay called blue urbanism City Planning and oceans found on places places is a free online journal and this was from 2011 and there’s the there’s the website for

It and there are lots of other books and articles and readings that one could suggest I’m going coming full circle and saying that for me again Sylvia Earl’s work has been very inspiring and so I highly recommend her book the Blue Planet published by National Geographic

In 2009 ok so I think that’s that is all for me so I will stop and hopefully Britain a year there yeah alright Tim well we have some questions that have come in um okay how do I see them or you’re just going to tell me what they are I

Just gonna read them out to you and you can handle read them to me all right well our first question comes in from Sawa what is the scale which can be used to illustrate the impact of cities on the oceans hmm well I would say that it

Isn’t one scale I’d say it’s um it’s a multiple scale this is this is frequently met frequently my answer to planning that it’s about embedded scales and in multis you know scaled in nature there is the the the kind of bio regional scale that that is very important as we understand places you

Know like the Cape Cod example or if we look at that those ocean and marine environments that are within reach and you know that we can make a difference and affecting and have some control over and it’s probably going to require a some form of a regional agency in the

Case of the Cape Cod example it’s the Cape Cod Commission and there are many examples now of emerging ocean management entities Australia has a whole marine bio regional planning a system with marine bio regional plans and and that certainly that’s one really important scale well I guess what I’m

Saying jesting is that we understand that they are impact is global and that urban particularly large large city whether it’s San Francisco or Boston or whatever it is going to have an impact that their material needs of that population coming from from thousands of miles affecting larger world that

Plastic ends up going far far away the the impact on climate change it is something that’s global in nature so I’d say keep keeping in mind all of those different scales and but clearly that by kind of bioregional marine bio region scale is a pretty critical one I

Would I would argue great our next question comes in from Elizabeth what types of corporate donors do you anticipate what be interested in supporting this research corporate donors Wow gosh it’s a good good question one one might imagine first the the corporations that have some reliance on on ocean

Commerce or or you know fishing and III would hope maybe perhaps that that some of some of the companies that that have been involved and already are very interested in Marine Stewardship Council and some of the promoting some of the sustainable fisheries would also would be more generally interested in

Supporting ocean conservation efforts art blue blue or urbanism I’d love to hear ideas from from the audience but it yet yet so the food and and fishery kind of corporations involved in that I could imagine incorporate corporations that that have supported science programs and and you know the corporate corporate

Sponsorship of aquaria and biodiversity conservation work would would probably be the same and they ought to be just as interested in blue urbanism as well maybe we can get some of the foundations who have been particularly interested in helping in advancing urban urban agenda maybe who could also we can get them to

Steer them in the direction of more of an ocean environment but the answer is I’ll have to think about that because I’m not sure that I have it’s a very good question and we need resources and we need sponsorship and we need the corporate world to be engaged to be sure

Great our next question comes in from Vaughan could you talk a little bit more about introducing inner city urban youth into these sorts of programs Wow that’s a terrific question how yeah I think that we we need to figure out just yeah we haven’t really even done this in

You know it we haven’t done this at all but we’ve done a little bit we haven’t really effectively connected inner-city youth or you know to the to the terrestrial environments nevertheless the ocean ocean and marine environments but part of it is is through schools and and part of it you know through that

Educational that curricular aside that I just mentioned that at the am but I’ve been very intrigued by local efforts and sometimes it is a non-profit doing this or a non-governmental organization but the efforts to get to subsidize outdoor activities and learning and to nudge kids along in this little book biophilic

Cities that Brittany mentioned in the introduction there’s a little discussion of this nonprofit in Cambridge Massachusetts called community boating where they they have a terrific program where they they basically for $1 offer unlimited instruction in sailing instruction and renting sailboats for children for kids of a certain age

Between certain ages for that particular season then that summer $1 I mean that that’s a subsidy of course and but it it makes it easy and affordable for kids to learn how to sail that’s pretty good and that helps helps bring kids but in contact with with water water aquatic

Habitats ocean habitats members not not ocean habitats per se but could we could could one do a similar thing for learning to snorkel or or scuba dive or probably so or or go have well whale watching expeditions or think there are outings the things like that that might connect inner-city kids

To nearby ocean environments I think that’s a terrific idea and again maybe it may be it it has to happen mainly through my school so I mean that that would be a logical kind of leverage point of leverage but terrific terrific questions on terrific idea I think all

Right our next question comes in from Tracy are there any good general principles for coastal area land use planning perhaps try to maintain a buffer zone between urban land uses in the ocean or have good stormwater retention systems hmm yeah that those would be a good place to start I think

That’s absolutely right I think we know that anything we can do to to buffer those those most sensitive locations I suggested with the with the example of the Cape Cod ocean plan that’s at there that there is a kind of McHargue an approach that that one one can take and

Should take where you’re layering just as we do in terrestrial environments layering layering maps that that identify particularly sensitive locations places that are particularly bio diverse and then you know locating potentially impacting activities away from or out of those places buffer zones are certainly would certainly be a good

A good part of it again the allocation of appropriate land-use patterns steering’s during the most intensive development away from the most sensitive Marine locations containing and controlling that stormwater was a good good good suggestion so that’s actually a whole another you know subject that we could add to the concept of blue

Urbanism that blue urban cities I started by saying that stormwater was not as not as key to what I was talking about but there’s no question that we could do a much better job containing stormwater a more decentralized natural stormwater system based more on low-impact development sort of

Techniques of we rooftops and rain gardens and bioswales and tree planting all those things that make up that are useful for greening cities could also fall into a general design you know category general design principles for protecting ocean ocean and marine environments as well but really but the

What the question suggests is the need for a kind of marine and spatial planning book or textbook or methods book or something like that and and I think that you could take the example of the urban land use planning kind of book that many of us use in

Planning and shape shape and shape and Kaiser goshawk a Birkin kind of book and think about what it means for ocean ocean and coastal ocean and marine environments and I think that would be very good I I have done a lot of work in coastal areas but it’s it tends to focus

That tends to apply design principles again and in a very terrestrial setting so it’s often about setting back new development from the edge setting back for example you know 60 times the average rate of erosion incorporating a sea level rise component into that you know there are a number of design

Principles that that we’ve been using in coastal planning for many for many years like I think I’m just saying take those same ideas and expand them and extend them even even further so but that’s a very good question all right our next question comes in from Vaughan could you

Also expand on the number of closed-loop hydrophone I drove phonic systems operating in mid American coastal cities and these often help support economic development efforts and it’s interesting hearing a little more about that yeah I I can’t say very much more about it except that that I’ve been very interested

Fascinated to follow the the Milwaukee example I’ve had the good luck to visit Will Allen and his his kind of prototype there in growing power in Milwaukee several years ago and was impressed by that and there probably are a number of other examples of battening will as

There’s nothing off there wasn’t at that time anything off the shelf it was all is all a system he designed so you have you know pipes and it’s funny it looks like something that was you know that was cobbled together and it kind of what

Kind of was but the basic idea of having a closed-loop system that that is synergistic and interactive so that the you know the waste from that fish which is a problem in the circulating in a water you know that that high nutrient water ends up ends up being food for

Those plants you know how to feed how to feed the fish becomes becomes an issue and in a closed-loop system like that and and wills wills answer is to is to think about permaculture you know yes he raises worms again and make and really makeshift systems these aren’t you know

These aren’t systems that you buy but he makes them and basically taking food wastes from there from restaurants around Milwaukee and feeding that to his worm system raising the worms and then the worms can be food for the for the fish so there are all kinds of as the as

The question suggests all kinds of economic ramifications and economic loops that I waste something that was costing restaurants you know did eventually become something that they that that’s valuable and maybe they can even sell it and it becomes a revenue stream but it certainly keeps all that stuff keeps all that income all

That economic activity circulating in the in the community in a closed-loop system but but are there other examples I know there have been there systems in New York your New York City there there are a number of other closed-loop aquaponic systems that have been developed or being developed

We’re probably we probably have more examples of more conventional aquaculture but that’s possible as well you know and as long as it’s it’s not not doing it’s not damaging the ecosystem we’re not resulting in huge pollution and the the introduction of non-native species and all the other you

Know kind of negative side effects from the large-scale aquaculture systems so I don’t really have a very good answer I’d love to hear from the audience about local examples for them there are some really good ones out there but I’m convinced that that as the question suggests this is a tremendous a

Tremendous potential for generating ikan an economic stream and producing something it has to be part of the local food agenda and so we have actually a very small a group of graduate couple of graduate students here and our program has started in a CSF here locally which

Is not so much it’s not about marine or ocean environments it’s actually about farm-raised trout and catfish and they are they have connected local farmers in a kind of a network and paying them and then bringing and then and then and then seeking subscribers to this to the CSF

And so in the sense connecting the the local local pond based systems with with an urban more urban population that could be that’s certainly possible as well all right great well our next question comes in from Janice I’m she’s curious to know as to whether you are aware of

Any coastal communities that are planning for the threat of sea level rise flooding loss of land due to global warming yeah well you’re a lot lots of them and they’re big cities medium cities small cities it’s a huge huge issue and and I can sort of tell I

Stayed a little bit away from from talking about it here it’s not clear what the connections what the implications might be for for rising sea level for some of the policy things I’ve been talking about but but it’s a huge issue we have one of my I have a studio

Class in the spring that developed a sea level rise adaptation plan for Virginia Beach so we’re thinking about it here in Virginia and I actually looked reviewing a book right now that involves case studies in San Francisco and in New York everybody is thinking about it we hope they are and adaptations potential

Adaptations are you know everything from from long-term shoreline retreat rolling easements and and using opportunities to shift the location of major public facilities out of high risk lower high risk locations I think that’s probably what we we ultimately need to do is to begin to to a longer term process of shoreline

Retreat strategic retreat getting out of the way structural improvements and sea walls and levees and that kind of thing will be possible in some places but but are very expensive and damaging and probably are ought to be a kind of second second priority but yes it’s a

Big big topic a big subject in we’re there are lots of places around the country and around the world that are that are thinking about it and how to adapt to long term sea-level rise that’s a it’s a very important subject and that I proud

It could be it should be its own its own webinar all right well our next question comes in from Jim oil exploration drilling and transportation they’ve all negatively affected vast parts of the ocean can these forms of energy even be compatible with blue Urbanism yeah I’m

Not a big fan and I think we need to transition and of course there is the backdrop of of the larger trends about oil and and despite what’s what seems like a a pible resource in the Gulf I think the longer term trends are of course that that we’re gonna see

Long-term decline in global global oil supplies at the same time that we’re seeing you know pretty dramatic increases in demand so we’ve got to get ready to face the world where there’s less oil and that’s good that’s good for lots of reasons that’s good – you know

We’ve one future is of course shifting to electric cars or something else but that still requires a power source from some source from somewhere and if we’re burning coal that’s not to produce that power that’s not very good either but but I don’t see a great future for oil I

Know that that’s there’s a lot of debate about it but I think you know to be realistic it’s yes they’re back in the Gulf and you know their BP is you know producing more and more and you know they’re trying to produce more more and they’ll be there other companies just we

Have to be applying much more stringent and much stronger regulatory set of protections it seems to me and so in the present very max cowboy framework that we have on I think it’s not very compatible with blue Urbanism I’m afraid so I guess my point is that that cities

As major points of consumption and demand have the chance to to shift have the chance to exert some ethical leadership about this and say we’re gonna do what we can to wean ourselves off of oil or if we you know the best we can and short of that to exert political influence to

Make sure that whatever is is extracted as done it’s done in the most careful ‘lest way possible of course it’s easy to say that and the the politics are quite quite difficult but but that it’s a good question and it’s it’s not a it’s not it’s a complicated answer to be sure

All right well our next question comes in from Sorolla I think it’s gonna be our last question for the day and have you looked at the potential for oceans to provide carbon sequestering sequestration sorry to address climate change impacts she understands that seagrass ecosystems provide significant carbon yes.well integrally yes and and the

Answer is yes they it’s a huge in fact it’s been the biggest sort of black box in some ways the biggest missing piece of our understanding of the whole carbon budget and so you’re absolutely right there is huge potential for sequestering carbon and huge huge potential for the

Oceans who’ve met a lot of carbon because of acidification and other things that we’re doing you know that so but the implicit in the question I think was the idea that that may be that may be cities could begin to understand the the positive things we might do the

Health of the ocean as a as a carbon sink in the same way that we instead of plant or in addition to planting trees and urban forests and doing all the other kind of more typical carbon sequestration things that we also begin to understand the oceans as a key

Opportunity as well a key opportunity in some ways to sequester more carbon but also just to maintain the health to take steps to to ensure that we don’t lose the very very positive I think that the oceans already are when it comes to carbon so I think that’s really an interesting idea and

How we would how we might implement that is is an interesting thing so that maybe there might be some kind of sequestration some kind of a regulatory measure that that that just as we we require a certain mitigation for the loss of an acre of forest or a wetland

Or whatever it is we might actually have we might actually try to imagine the system where resources are funneled into restoring as you as the as the question suggests eelgrass or some kind of habitat conservation and protection that would sequester carbon I think that’s a terrific a terrific idea and and so

Maybe somebody in the in the audience today could help their community to establish such a pilot idea I’d love it great well I think that’s about going to wrap it wrap it up for us today with our question-and-answer session Tim thank you so much for the presentation I think

You enjoyed it everybody really enjoyed it right for those of you who are still in the audience I have a few last-minute reminders on logging your cm credits for attending today’s event so if you want to just stay tuned in in a moment and I will bring that up thanks again Tim okay

Thank You Brittany bye-bye Hey you you you all right well for those of you who are still with us I’m to log your steam credits for attending today’s event you can go to WWE an org slash cm and select today’s date which is Friday December 10th and then you can select today’s webcast

Which is blue Urbanism this webcast is available for one-and-a-half CM credits trying to get my powerpoint loaded up I’m sorry and also we are recording today’s webcast so you will be able to find a recording of this webcast along with a six slide per page PDF @ww ta APA

Org slash webcast archive and this does conclude today’s session and thank you again for everybody attending you you you you you you you you you you you you the

ID: 2LMxSH1_YBA
Time: 1343347614
Date: 2012-07-27 04:36:54
Duration: 01:32:09

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