Title:جایی که بچه های بوم بزرگ شدند: مجتمع ها و مجتمع های حومه ای دوران پس از جنگ جهانی دوم

تاریخ پخش اینترنتی: ۲۰ سپتامبر ۲۰۱۳ حمایت شده توسط: طراحی و حفاظت شهری توضیحات: همانطور که به سمت توسعه حمل و نقل محور بیشتر حرکت می کنیم و برای بازسازی حومه های فعلی خود تلاش می کنیم، فرصت هایی را برای استفاده کارآمد از زیرساخت ها و مساحت زمین جستجو می کنیم. همانطور که ما این فرصت‌ها را ارزیابی می‌کنیم، درک کامل پیشرفت‌های مسکونی در این مناطق حومه‌ای دوران پس از جنگ جهانی دوم مهم است – هم خانه‌های تک‌خانواده‌ای با تراکم کمتر و هم مجتمع‌های آپارتمانی باغ با هکتار فضای سبز. کدام یک از اینها – در صورت وجود – ارزش حفظ دست نخورده را دارند … و چرا؟ و چگونه می‌توانیم چنین قضاوت‌های کیفی را انجام دهیم، به‌خصوص در جایی که توسعه مجدد راهی برای ارائه مسکن ارزان‌تر ارائه می‌دهد؟ این نه تنها به ویژگی‌های فیزیکی این بخش‌ها و مجموعه‌ها مربوط می‌شود، بلکه به ارتباط برخی از آنها با افراد یا رویدادهای مهم مربوط می‌شود. ما باید درک کنیم که چه معایبی مناسب است وقتی تصمیمات سختی در مورد مکان هایی که بهسازی و توسعه مجدد باید انجام شود گرفته می شود. توجه: این پخش اینترنتی در حال حاضر فقط برای مشاهده در دسترس است و برای اعتبارات AICP CM قابل اجرا نیست.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: Hello everyone and welcome to the webcast I apologized for starting a few minutes late we had some technical difficulties but we’re ready to go um my my name is Christine Dorsey and I’m the executive director of APA Ohio and vice chair of the New Urbanism division and I

Will be the moderator for today’s webcast today Friday September 20s we will hear the presentation where the boom babies grew up post-world War two ERA suburban tracks and complexes and this is a special webcast and that our speaker Richard long strength is also presenting to a live audience for

Technical help during today’s webcast type your questions in the chat box found in the webinar tool bar to the right of your screen or call the 1-800 number shown for content questions related to the presentation type those in the questions box also located in the webinar tool bar to the right of your

Screen we will answer those at the end of the presentation during the Q&A session and because this is a special webcast we will also be getting some questions and answers also facilitated during the live portion okay on your screen is a list of the sponsoring chapters and divisions I’d like to thank

All those participating for making these webcasts possible today’s webcast is sponsored by the urban design and preservation division for more information on this division and how to become a member visit planning bad org slash division / urban design and to learn more about all our divisions you can visit planning org slash divisions

You can always find a list of our upcoming webcasts by visiting wwu ta PA org slash webcast to log your CM credits visit planning org slash cm select the activities by date select today’s date September 20th and then select the title where the boom babies grew up and of course always like

Us on Facebook planning webcast series to receive all the up-to-date information on the planning webcast series this is a live recording and we will have it available on youtube.com slash planning webcast where you can find all of our previous webcast videos and if you’d like a PDF of this

Presentation simply email me at planning webcasts @ yahoo.com and this webcast is also available for 1.5 CM credits I’d like to now turn it over to Wendy Tinsley Becker who is the chair of the urban design and preservation division and she is going to introduce our speaker Wendy thank christine i just

Want to point out we are seeing a black screen so i’m not sure what’s the rest of the audience is seeing but maybe you guys can try to work on that while i’m giving my introduction perfect thank you everyone and welcome to the first of several planning webcast hosted by a pa

Pa urban design and preservation division as part of the planning webcast series facilitated by APA ohio and APA utah the urban design and preservation division is a nationwide community of professionals dedicated to supporting educational and networking opportunities for planners urban designers preservationist and allied professionals our members are uniquely concerned with

The built environment particularly issues surrounding urban design architecture historic preservation and the legacy of the planning profession the goal of the division is to promote these topics within the field of planning and within APA while building partnerships with allied professionals and organizations in recent years the division has received the division

Achievement Award for branding excellence the division Achievement Award for education excellence and the division Achievement Award for Best newsletter and the division maintains active programs including an annual fellowship writing campaigns like my one city and my third place and sponsorship of planners press books including planning Los Angeles

Hit by David Sloan and in motion the experience of travel by Tony his current efforts that were working on are directed at developing a member contributed case study library we hope to launch the framework for this in early 2014 so as Christine already said to learn more about the division or to

Become a member visit planning org slash division / urban design today our speaker Richard long stress a noted author and professor will present his recent work on the subject of post-world war two suburban tracks and help preservationist and others perceive and approach these comprehensively constructed residential communities with

An awareness of context and treatment approaches this is particularly particularly useful to us as planners as part of the broader retrofitting and redevelopment process encouraged by planning on October force the division will present speakers Carl Morris and Sarah woodworth for discussion on calculating developer contributions on November first the division will present

Architect author and professor June Williamson for discussion on designing suburban futures and on november eight the division will present city planner designer and author Jeff speck for discussion on walkable cities now I would like to formally introduce today’s speaker Richard longstreth mr. Longstreet is a professor of American

Studies and is the director of the graduate program in historic preservation at George Washington University he has written extensively on twentieth-century subjects including city center to regional mall architecture the automobile and retailing in Los Angeles 1922 1950 published by MIT press the drive in the supermarket and the transformation of

Commercial space in Los Angeles nineteen fourteen to nineteen forty one also by MIT press and the department store transformed 1922 nineteen sixty by yale university press his new book titled looking beyond the icons a legacy of architecture landscape and urbanism from the recent past is due for release by

The university of virginia in 2015 and his collection of color photographs of 1970s american roadside architecture will be published by Rizzoli next year over the past 30 years mr. long stretch has taken an active role in preserving numerous buildings from the mid 20th century his work is

Well regarded and is widely referred to by historians and preservation planners working in the technical process the urban design and preservation division is excited to welcome Richard longstreth as today’s speaker and I will hand it over to Christine and our esteemed speaker Richard are we ready to go over

There yes and you do have a visual yes we do but wonderful thank you it’s it’s a great pleasure to to be here in silver spring and to talk to a national audience of people who share an interest I’ve had for some years in a subject i

Think is of great importance and bear with me for a minute while I that isn’t right I think these are in a different order than I planned they’re so I’m sorry it’s going to be a little bit chopping going through the visuals but that’s that that’s all right I should

Tell you a little bit about how I got interested in in this subject and and by way of a confession I grew up in in Central Bucks County in the 1950s a little to the south of us was Levittown Pennsylvania under construction from 52 to the late 50s and something that had

Little precedent in the way of scale my parents thought it was the end of civilization as they knew it and so did my father was an architect I should say and so did many of their of their friends I was fascinated at age six or so by earth-moving equipment construction

Equipment the larger the noisier was smellier the better but my parents predicted with levittown like many other people at that time I’m but levittown would become a slum that it was not conducive to good family life to healthy marriages to child-rearing or any number of other things and in this capacity

They really they were very much in sync with sociologists later on like William white and John Keats ooh in the 50s published a lot of railing studies of a post-war suburban phenomenon here you see an image of San Lorenzo in California but it’s the sort of thing

That was put in in in in numerable articles and books by planners architects as well as sociologists by critics of many stripes that were railing against the post-war suburb as an anonymous place the cheap jerry-built place is a place that was not going to be really conducive to the progress of

Civilization but perhaps quite to the contrary instant slums and all that and also all that sort of business usually these images were posted anonymously by me by which I mean that the the community wasn’t identified certainly the Builder wasn’t identified for Lorenzo village which you see here was

My David Bohannon who is one of the leaders nationally among home builders in in setting standards for large-scale volume building he he being based in the San Francisco Peninsula but his work attracted national attention among among his among his colleagues or an image such as

This one of a series in a famous sort of expose of look at how the land is being laid to waste by little boxes made of ticky tacky is the song later went on again anonymously but this happens to be lakewood california in a knot between LA

And Long Beach and along with the two levin towns on Long Island in Pennsylvania one of the largest scale developments of single-family houses ever ever ever achieved in the United States and the and the image which was usually used as fodder for derisively tells us from a historical perspective

All sorts of things about a system of mass production of housing which the Levites took credit for by and large but like many things they had a lot to do with refining and ramping up the scale of development but they were not fundamentally innovators but the process

Is they and others described it which actually appears to have occurred with the Los Angeles developer named Fritz burns in the early 1940s was uh if you will of the assembly line in in Reverse or in other words rather than the workers remaining stationary and performing the same tasks on objects

Automobiles whatever that they might be but we’re moving on on on conveyor belts of alike but the of the objects remain stationary and it was the work crews that went from one house to another doing a very small series of of tasks but very efficiently with lumber already

Assembled on-site as you see there moving along which enormously reduce the cost of of production so but even images that are that are better oftentimes thought of as as as some as our cast i should say in a negative way can have a very positive or can yield a lot of

Information really about what the of what the subject is about I have my month but the change in my feeling about post-war suburbs began to occur when I was a senior at the University of Pennsylvania and being a glutton for punishment undertook writing a guidebook to Philadelphia area architecture as a

Last semester senior project it took a few more years to get published and unfortunately all they got all the areas outside of the city of Philadelphia got omitted but it was then that I in the course events that i traveled to Levittown Pennsylvania once again and it seemed like everything my parents had

Said was so awful about it really really didn’t exist it was a fascinating community in many respects certainly going to include it in the guide and it would have been had them had bucks county and other surrounding counties been part of the equation but it helped the whole experience helped nurture and

Interesting in housing that has to which I’ve devoted a fair amount of time and in in recent years writing about Levittown Pennsylvania finally in a book edited by Diane Harris called second suburb and also in a couple of four case in case studies and a couple of forthcoming pieces on a Montgomery

County Maryland suburban tract called called twinbrook I’ve also really been spurred to do this work through projects that I’ve developed for some of my graduate students beginning in 2000 when we looked at a later Levitt development Bel Air at Bowie in in Prince George’s County Maryland and in more recent years in Montgomery

County and then of the African American suburb of knock and Arlington County Virginia and and then another african-american of it became an African American suburb in the 1950s and 60s seat pleasant also in in Prince George’s County and all of us work by my students and by myself has underscored really

Some key things that these communities need to be looked at just like neighborhoods in a city need to be looked at on a case-by-case basis the generalities only go so far each of these places has its own story and its own distinct features the of a dark fit

Is often hurled at the post-war suburban phenomenon by its critics that it’s all homogeneous is a batch of bunk you only have to look at the real estate pages of a major daily newspaper in the 50s and 60s or to drive around these places to see the incredible variety of housing

Stock of it was produced during the post-war era and the generation or so following following World War two which brings up a point here is Lakewood the way it looks today a a large and incidentally a separate municipality from the start that was that was intended in this case as many such

Tracks are or not but few people visit these places unless they live there or have friends there 50 to 60 years after they have been completed many of these places have have aged very well and are very important as places of residence for a rather broad segment of American

Society from a historical perspective which is how I try and approach my work and the work at GW that I I direct these were very special places from from the start they represented to a generation that had lived through World War two and the depression most of them experiencing

Hard times and many of them not born to families of means even during the 1920s a sea change in their lives not only in terms of a physical environment they were now able to to occupy and partake in but also in terms of their careers and the dynamics of community action

With which they were able to to involve themselves it represents in many ways a high point in the American experience where the perhaps the largest percentage of our population has been able to has been able to partake in that long-standing American dream of a free-standing single-family house set in

Its own yard with at least a certain degree of Sylvan attributes to the landscape the immediate landscape of one’s property but the larger landscape of the of attract as as a whole and and and and the generation that despite John Keats despite a holly white despite Lewis Mumford and other many other

Critics of a period of this generation flocked to these developments the notion that developers were cramming this down the the mouse as it were of their market is is dead wrong again the variety of options was was as large as it ever had been for entry-level housing and considerably

Larger than and many of it in many periods to the past and this was a new mass-market to one that had that a lot of people fought it was emerging during the 1920s of an actual income of a middle class at least of the non rural population didn’t move very much at all

But really was occurring in the post-world war two area where many people formerly of modest means were not only ambitious but were becoming upwardly mobile by virtue of the of the support they were getting as a veterans through through education the mobility they had through now standard use

Everyday use of the automobile and and people who had in many ways felt that the world was at their fingertips and and places such as as lake would embody that and epitomize if in many ways now let me do the roulette wheel again yes easily enough I wanted to show you it I

Think it’s very telling if if people who moved into lakewood or levittown or twinbrook here or you name it middle-class suburban tract of the 50 60 s considered this such a great improvement where have they lived before or more to the point in many cases what were comparable of the last housing boom

Which did indeed occur during the 1920s even though the real estate market was more ambitious than prudence and real estate practices we’re more ambitious or reckless of imprudence would have dictated these are this is a street 188 street in queens houses built in the 1920s spec houses in in in vast

Numbers and it was in the 1930s often aerial views of these tracks that were used by those who called for housing reform showing how how awful of the of a status clue was and I’m not using this comparison in a negative sense because in the 1920s this to meant upward

Mobility for many people who had previously led lived in tenements in in New York just as many people who move to Levittown Long Island or Levittown Pennsylvania after World War two had lived in tenements and walk ups in in row houses in boarding houses and the like many of them old building stock

Which can be great if it’s properly preserved but with under maintenance and the like can be less than a desirable environment and this represented if you say if you compare it with a one bedroom or turu two bedroom well walk-up apartment along a trolley line from 1900 or thereabouts this represents a very

Capacious abode indeed with the porch now appropriated as they as a sunroom and the Attic appropriated for one or more extra bedrooms space between the houses occupied by driveways going down two garages which indicates the market was one that could afford an automobile as great numbers of Americans could buy

Of the 1920s although but spatial order here is really dictated by rail transportation people of moderate means could buy into queen like this because of the IRT and its elevated lines which were extending out from Manhattan to Long Island during the early 20th century and made commuting by

Rail a high speed elevated rail not just street cars fast and efficient and affordable but they also had automobiles like many people had automobiles in the 1920s for um for recreational purposes primarily let’s see I don’t think it’s going to be that way whereas here we are or another comparable from the 1920s

Fees are in on the north side of Chicago north ashland avenue one of a great north-south thoroughfare svet a city in and the major car route that is streetcar route once upon a time and here to there was a great boom in the 1920s of a middle class walk-up

Apartment apartment houses of which for many of these folks again represented a step up from what they were used to but again far denser conditions and here we’re probably very few of the initial occupants owned an automobile they relied on the streetcar and the streetcar system but connected very

Effectively with the elevated system in Chicago that could take them almost anywhere to work to shop and the like but where conditions were far too dense to include them a large segment of a population of large segments of automobile owners and again I’m not speaking about any of these with with

Negative implications at all my feeling is that many many many forms of housing can provide decent housing for lots of different people we know even today but tenement housing properly rehabilitated in hoboken or in manhattan or in Holyoke Massachusetts or whatever can become a good affordable housing or even upscale

Housing I only want to emphasize the of the the difference in the perceptual difference to twenty and thirtysomethings which was a large part of a post-war market between what and others were doing in outlying areas and what they saw as as the norm this has a

Social dimension as well which I want to bring up in a minute but first hefty there have to get the right side out right after the war facing and thank you facing an acute housing shortage and with people with who were shall we say undercapitalized at that point who had

Very little means at their disposal even though both the VA and the FHA allowed with the 30-year mortgage allowed for a very lenient terms no money down and all this sort of thing a lot of work was quite modest and here you see houses in North Charleston South Carolina that are

Good examples of what was built in in great numbers in many parts of the country during the mid to late forties and into the 1950s as well but I be they ever so humble of seven eight hundred thousand seven eight hundred square feet that we still represented for people who

Maybe during the war had lived in trailers and temporary dwellings of one sort or another in barracks and Quonset huts in their parents apartment or in a friend’s boarding house or whatever represented a major step upward and and we can we can chart housing progress you’re going to see the slide so often

You’ll be really be sick of them I’m sorry we can chart housing progress by almost by the year not and when I say housing progress it not only means a larger houses with more amenities but also a population that is beginning to come of age beginning to have larger families and

Beginning to have more means at their disposal to afford so from the early 1950s on we see more in the way of larger lots more commodious houses this is a very small tract and many of them were small but services in East Providence Rhode Island and it’s just a

Local builder doing attractive about 20 houses or so and this actually represents the norm in terms of what many builders were doing and yes a number of them were ramping up now the Federal Housing Administration made the made it possible for them to borrow

Other people’s money in a in a in a safe controlled mortgage environment in order to in order to work at a larger scale but many post-war developments are quite modest sort of add-ons to two existing communities but it it gives you a good sense of the expansiveness of these

Places these are one-story ranch houses probably no more than 1,200 square feet if effect but on generous lot sizes all of which was made possible by virtue of of the automobile tracks that were absolutely impractical for residential or many other forms of development when the reliance was on trains or elevated

Railroads or even interurban trolleys let alone trolleys and buses prior to World War two now and and have been used primarily as farmland or other other kinds of related rural functions now at least for a while become readily available are relatively inexpensive and paving roads and the

Like is in the long run a lot less cost consuming than laying rail lines forum for transportation so that as a result lot size could increase and increase significantly at least in in most parts of the country and when even funds let’s see there we go magically that by the

Late 50s in the 1960s some tracks of very generous sizes in fairfax county virginia near falls near falls church and catering to a relatively affluent crowd in this case both house size and the nature of a lots the winding streets of the the builder saving a number of

Existing trees in the process which is actually more builders did that and is often is often realized to create an open informal verdant and and and private in many ways environment that seemed too many people to be of the absolute antithesis of the urban one they had left and again i’m not positing

One is currently better of in the other far from it but simply trying to reflect the the attitudes of a time or here also in fairfax county where a variety variety of effect especially once the planning started to mature a variety of affect not just through the housing but

Through the landscape itself was was a key component and very important than the way people perceive these places and and maintained it significantly the at least my some of my research on twinbrook has is really here in Montgomery County has really underscore that significantly a very large portion

Of this population had never had to think about a yard before they had never known a guard of they might have gone to the country for a fresh air camp or something like that as children or maybe with their family on a few outings but rural or these pastoral environments

Where the antithesis of what many of them had had experienced let alone how to maintain a house and maintain a yard and the like and a number of developers the Levites were various ood about this but we find it in a number of much smaller scale cases as well or through

Community associations that are formed word is put out in terms of you know what but what plants are Hardy what plants do well in the climate what plants you know flower what plants do this what plants do that how to take care of your law and how to prune trees

Sometimes contests with neighborhood associations are are formed in terms of improvement by building a rear tariffs or something of that nature and outdoor private space that partakes of of the of the landscape in in which it was set so this really represents something of a quantum leap not only just in the

Experience but then in the activities that are necessitated by that experience for um for many people there’s also a planning component of this which is interesting now even before World War two the Federal Housing Administration is setting out guidelines for the planning of suburban tracks and if you

Want to get uninsured mortgage is it as a developer you might be wise to follow some of these guidelines but they were essentially the nature of it but subdivisions should should be sympathetic and degree possible follow the topography as many things done in in the early 20th century many urban

Developments in the early 20th century let alone the 19th were were not and rather than simply extending the orthogonal grid system which did persist rigorously persist in Southern California during the post-war period in the lake woods in San Fernando Valley xande Orange counties of that part of

The world in most other places the FHA’s guidelines of airing of a layout of streets to have a kind of visual variety but you saw on the two previous images were were followed especially by the 1950s as again the market was a little bit more affluent and a little bit

Pickier they just didn’t take the first house it was available the supply was beginning to catch up with the demand and this sort of raised the bar for a number of house builders to improve the quality of their work indeed site planning could be key in Levittown

Pennsylvania which you see here in an aerial view is is a is a major illustration of that we’re running up and down the center of the image there you see a divided a divided highway levittown Parkway this was a through roof levittown was over 17,000 houses and even though it was in three

Townships in one burrow it was never its own jurisdiction that of 11 stride to plan it to the best of their abilities as if it was a community in its own right and then there across create some of which which run laterally across the slide and you can see several

Of those as well some of them were existing many others were laid down but the key thing is that of these through routes by and large are separate from the neighborhood’s if you will the various subdivision tracks that are laid out in stages levittown took over or six

Years to build laid out in in stages so but one has to if you’re going from the Levittown Parkway again from the bottom of a slide go up to the second cross street on your right and you see that it’s just really a little dog leg of the

Connects to another Street and that’s as a buffer for through traffic and also slowing traffic down that’s out of intent and then the street to which that dogleg connects runs around the periphery of that neighborhood and there are a couple of other dog legs that connected to two through streets and but

Then aside from that ring road if you will around which houses are fronted that all the other streets simply connect from one point of that ring road to another point of that ring road or to another one of the interior streets again a way of slowing traffic down and

Ensuring that virtually everybody who drives along those streets is going to live there it’s going to be visiting there is going to be making the delivery there or doing repairs there or something of that sort to minimize through traffic and never to have houses fronting major thoroughfares always

Secondary or a tertiary a tertiary streets I like most things Elevens did this is not original to Levittown Pennsylvania they probably cribbed it from a a wartime major wartime housing project Linda Vista outside of San Diego but Linda to plan is the only and that was built

As temporary housing but that’s the only other time I’ve prior to this that I’ve seen this very ingenious way of of handling and quieting traffic flow as it were one that also as you can see a while not wildly curving still ants a fair amount of variety to the experience

Of going through those streets particularly after as you see today after the after the planting grows up natural creek beds were were kept and became spines for parkland and here in one of the neighborhoods filled with the largest models that Levin was doing for its pennsylvania development called the

Country clubber you see great swathes of open space at the periphery there’s a creek bed where the trees are on the left and this is you see not active recreational space but really passive a space that adds to enhances of the of a quality of a caliber of the place

Building on the volume that they did the Levites could afford to use space fairly generously a developer doing several hundred houses rather than 17,000 probably could not do as much although many were still concerned with tapping into existing topographical forms parks and the like Joseph gearhart at twinbrook in Montgomery County did that

Even though his development or included those about a thousand houses or fifteen hundred houses something of that sort a small fraction of Levitt but still tapping into the Montgomery County Park System was a crucial part of the equation which brings up another point and that is now for a large segment of

The middle class the kind of amenities that real estate developers had beginning at the turn of a 20th century for an elite market we’re now available to them beginning with beginning with mountains Rowland Park out then outside of Baltimore Maryland and most famously with JC Nichols country club district in

And adjacent to Kansas City Missouri and then into Johnson County Kansas these are celebrated developments largely tailored to the upper middle class and to the well-to-do and comprehensive planning was was touted as a way to enhance long-term property values and comprehensive planning included no restrictions on on on how sighs both you

Know it has to be so big but it can’t be too big for the lot of that sort of thing obviously on function and form of zoning of once or another but also meant providing adequate roads out of a blazing server for recreation out of it places for worship adequate places for

Education be they schools libraries or whatever a comprehensive plan or a guaranteed neighborhood as as one developer in Southern California called his very exclusive work in palos verdes in the in the 1920s this is now in a lot of the best of these tracks irrespective of saws really an integral part of the

Equation it’s perhaps no no coincidence that the Levites had really achieved national recognition in among home builders prior to World War two for caterer for catering to the upper middle-class market on Long Island and incorporating many of those features which now I get applied on a much larger

Scale especially in Pennsylvania of the town long island was not intended to be what it became and has all sorts of bumps and warps and and the like as a result of Levittown Pennsylvania was uh was a key part of the equation and here you have one of many playgrounds or

Swimming pools originally and and and not only did the developer provide a lot of these but then also trying to set up the means by which the community could take control over management of all of these we have wonderful accounts nationally from the 1950s and it was

Echoed and the work that I i did in in in twinbrook about how a lot of me again most of the people living here are young and they’ve never been together before usually before you moved into an established neighborhood right even if it was fairly new and if you were of

Italian origin it would probably be with other people of Italian origin or Polish origin or one thing or another if you were if you were Catholic it might be in a neighborhood where there’s a high percentage of Catholics of none of that happened at least among the white

Population during the post-world war two area it became a great a mixing bowl that way so that you were you were not in the old neighborhood and there were no elders telling you what to do either there was no hierarchy everybody was in very short order sort of dumped in a

Place if you will very quickly and and the accounts of that I’ve found and I’m sure there’ll be many more with further research in some of these places of how is a lot of these folks not everybody of course but a lot of these folks roll up their sleeves and begin to create

Community through neighborhood organizations and the like twinbrook significantly added of a population of rockville and got significantly tired of the old good old boy sort of rural way in which the municipal government in rockville was run staged a revolution at twinbrook ER became the mayor and began to change

Governance that way not just for the neighborhood but for the the incorporated community as a whole and I’m sure there are many other stories like that whether it’s in governor and or whether it’s through ptas and a new level of investment in your children’s education for creating recreational places for establishing congregations of

Of one sort or another all of these are an important part of the an important part of the equation of the levites even though they were Jewish would not sell to Jews in the 1930s in Long Island it took a little while to find that out but

I was able to and all of that begins to change after after the war and so there are synagogues as well as churches and other houses of worship but especially in the 50s synagogues and churches serving of the same community and it becomes and I think I even have a swab

So where any there and levittown it’s an Episcopal Church but there are Baptist churches and Methodist churches and as they say a synagogue and so forth down the line now the one group that was by and large excluded from all of this was was African Americans and a lot of us

Has really it doesn’t originate but it’s codified in FHA policies beginning in the 1930s even with garden apartments and the like and it seems that if new real estate first of all old developments are considered bad investments which is a great shame but if new developments are quote open then

They are considered a bad as well and the FHA even after World War two becomes a very reluctant door opener giving ensuring mortgages largely to white developers who want to plan suburban tracks for for african-americans this doesn’t change for a good while but what is changing in the 1950s or a beginning

Discover is that there were in more cities than you would you would guess or more metropolitan areas than you would guess that’s very significant suburban development none more so in its extent or in the mechanisms that were established to enable it then what is generically referred to as call your

Heights on the on the central west side of Atlanta which encompasses a huge area and a great number of tracks and here is one of them Chickamauga Heights built in the built in the late 1950s and it had to do with some a what became a very strong coalition with the Atlanta Urban

League led by Robert Thompson with 22 african-american owned banks and one insurance company the Atlanta life insurance company again african-american owned and operated that enabled in one of the key builders walls are akin himself black enabled him to get the money and enabled his market to get the

Mortgages in order to develop on on a large scale of the now not Atlanta as I say is is is is probably the most extensive of of this sort and is an area that is just call your house is an area just it’s just beginning to be appreciated by

Folks who don’t who don’t live there but is testament to the fact that even though there was very little written about it at the time are some things that were probably shouldn’t have been said like when richard nixon visited and said i didn’t know they could live like

This or something something in politic like like that that there are indeed many places where we continue to explore more in Prince George’s County which is where a lot of this action in glenarden and the like took place and eventually led one of the great transformations of

Of the great transformation one can say of Prince George’s County into being a large prosperous network of suburban enclaves where there’s a very sizable african-american population but that doesn’t occur really until the late 70s 80s and and further on down the pipe so bye-bye custom by practice by federal

Regulation of the the collier heights of the of the country and i’ve found examples in philadelphia Princeton New Jersey of all places of Savannah Raleigh Dallas as well known New Orleans and the like to greater or smaller extent that it is still also an important part of

The equation now why I preserve all of this I hope I’ve given you a little indication of historically how how major a phenomenon this is and how it profoundly affected the landscape how it profoundly affected the lives of a generation but bought into it and continues to do so here in Montgomery

County there was a sort of a low-end housing tract called veirs mill village still exists on veirs mill road and and this was just a little bit too low end for a lot of Montgomery County residents business and political communities alike United to ride it they even see a congressional investigations there is

Funny business with a developer and what he’s doing and so forth and so on not all of it was built but most of it was it’s still standing it’s still very recognizable it’s it’s not glamorous but it provides entry-level single-family houses for a segment of Latino population now an affordable housing

It’s a key component of making Montgomery County not just or keeping Montgomery County from being a place where you have to have a lot of wherewithal in order to buy in that way and very important for the for the long-term economic health I think of any community many of these and call your

Heights are a number of tracks and call your Heights still remain all claves of the black elite of Atlanta and there are many other subdivisions tracks that were built for middle class whites that have some of them have become again far a far more sought after and they were

Originally because of the amount of land the size of the houses in all of it some others have sadly deteriorated but the fact of the matter is that that the I think the great majority of the post-war legacy is still 50 60 plus years later is still represents places of choice for

A major segment of American society and very important we can’t afford to do this again we can’t afford to build that way land prices are too high construction prices are too high entry-level houses in many cases now if they’re new our row houses called townhouses by the developers since the

۱۹۶۰s 50s really trying to make them an acceptable form again and I’m not deriding all of those but just saying that this is this is a renewable habitat that we really cannot afford to replace in many cases it is a fabulous legacy and one which unfortunately there is a

Study and I’m not going to name it but there is a study a few years ago maybe ten years ago an environmental history of post-war suburbia which echoes the 50s critics of how developers essentially rape the land and how from an environmental standpoint how a lot of

It was really very damaging but after the bulldozers leave after the developers leave after people set in improve their property as plantings mature and so forth and so on what if neighborhoods like this get replaced with ah with high-rise apartments but if neighborhoods like this get replaced by

Lots of pavement or even by walk up apartments and I’m not decrying in any way shape or form denser forms of development there are appropriate places are forum all of that and there’s adequate place for all of that but is any of that going to be kinder to our

Planet than the kind of neighborhoods you see here especially if the houses are retrofitted to be more more energy efficient for places like suburban Atlanta suburban Washington DC with a Montgomery County here for suburban Chicago San Francisco st. Louis you name it for any city for any major metropolitan area in these

Outline jurisdictions the post-war legacy is in many ways the most important part of that jurisdictions heritage it is a major epochal component of outlying counties histories and it’s produced some of the most interesting development and sooner we recognize this from a historical perspective but also

In terms of a value many of these places have for us today and for future generations I think the better off we’ll be and I’m going to stop with that and and open the floor to questions and I’m not sure how this works great thank you Richard that’s wonderful I think maybe

What we’ll do is we’ll take one question from our end on the webinar and then we can finish up with any live questions and so the first question that we have over here redevelopment of suburbia we’ll need to consider the wants needs and desires of millennial and generation

Z runners homeowners what strategies or approaches do you recommend that planners urban researchers use to include these groups perspective and envisioning the future that said that’s a hard question to answer because it has so many potential components and I think the and it can vary from place to place

There are many places in the country I think where people who inhabit these tracks are very appreciative of them lakewood as is a is a city that is a very aware of and very proud of its of its history Levittown Long Island is another place of that has

Become that way when I and others were working on the Levittown Pennsylvania book there was relatively little shall we say public cognizance let alone appreciation of the history of advisor or what it’s like twinbrook where we work to night work subsequently has a high level of recognition but not every

Place does so part of it may be in many cases with the planning community but also the preservation community and I think they should be closely intertwined to to work at raising levels of consciousness oftentimes if you grow up in a place you take it for granted and

Don’t really think about any of its special characteristics and while you know the place very well better than most people it can take an outside perspective to open some doors and make you think of a place in a way you haven’t you haven’t thought of before so

It’s both you know listening to people but I think also taking a in many cases of proactive stand where it’s warranted in terms of opening doors to the public’s knowledge of a place great I’m very very questions from me I bought in yes the first time buyers decided to add

Addition to their houses later on to make their quality of life more comfortable but now we’re seeing a movement where these neighborhoods the houses are being destroyed one by one and turning into McMansions as I’ve seen off of old georgetown road how do you feel about that trend and what should we

Do in the way of curving this or being more part of the design process a national trend although I am Not sure tear downs I’m not sure how many of of those things have been done since 2008 and it may be something of a of a breathing space at

Least but the it raises a serious question because of what was once relatively inexpensive and affordable has in cases in in in in prosperous metropolitan areas land values have have risen out of proportion to inflation another other certainly tip to you know income and and and the like and so but

There is you know do I want a 1200 1500 square foot house do I want to pay some fabulous sum of money for it and then living it as well especially about I can afford more and I think the answer is there there are all sorts of creative

Ways which to add on to the houses of any period any type for that matter I mean there’s a limit in terms of size and the like but that certainly through guidelines through the establishment of conservation districts if not through the establishment of conservation districts that limit the footprint of

Construction on on properties if not through historic districts can all be ways of of toning that down it could yeah I’ll take another question imma be online audio yes you mentioned levittown PA you didn’t mention fairless hills the project north of Levittown that was built about the same time what is your

Opinion of fairless hills yes well levittown PA was was built because the fairless works of u.s. steel was slated for construction close by and i should say the 11th only went to pennsylvania they were all set to do a higher-end community in long island after really wanting to get out of the moderate

Income level development that Levittown Long Island represented and then along comes with Korean War and restrictions on construction and if you’re going to build houses you have to build it in a priority area according to priority according to the quote defense needs and Leavitt wisely bill Leavitt wisely guess

That the fairless works would make that part of of Bucks County a priority area and he was right but began he had to buy a plan before that in order to make it affordable and then US Steel gets into the works as well with fairless hills Benjamin fairless was the was a young

Executive of u.s. steel for whom the plant was was named and another person did the development Seward motte who had been with the FHA and had been some of the guidelines had laid out fairless hills and it’s interesting because the the antenna fairless hills was 14 prefer real prefabricated housing using what US

Steel gunnison homes as an element of a company of a subsidiary and so US Steel wanted to show but but real prefab houses were wer were not only doable but preferable and there was there was a great concert hall between the Levites nationally between the Levites and pre fabricators

And as Alfred Levitt said who really did all the designing or is in charge of all the designing you can prefab a lot of stuff which you can’t prefab the site a major part of our costs are in the site which is what led them to pick up and

Adapt the for their huge scale construction the sort of a moving assembly line idea that I showed you with the Lakewood illustration so fairless hills is interesting in the represents a fairly ambitious development at the time for for prefab one thing that mod did not it’s much

Smaller it doesn’t have the extent of open space and that mod did not separate major traffic arteries from residential development so a lot of houses are on arterioles which if you’ve ever lived in that sort of situation you know it isn’t very pleasant even when their traffic

Isn’t backed up in front of your house and you’re trying to get out of your driveway so that and i’m not saying to just write off fairless hills but i am trying to underscore far from it but i’m trying to underscore some of the differences between it and levittown and

The point that each one of these has its own has its own story we have any questions from the in-house audience yes a lot of the ideas that you’re raising today our communities that are trying to preserve the kinds of things that you’re talking about today’s planner is very

Much then accuse those communities of being envious because they’re trying to preserve the community character the things that make the neighborhood what it is here in Montgomery County Maryland we have what’s known as the agricultural reserve which for those people are fortunate to live out there essentially protects those areas from future

Development and maintenance allow those people to preserve their lifestyles for the kinds of communities you’re talking about here of suburban some cases pioneer communities would you support the idea of like a community conservation area or a neighborhood conservation area that sort of helped those areas as well the main thing I

Think anything but Foster’s conservation of neighborhoods is assuming they are you know stable you know vital places they’re not in need of revitalization right when otherwise yes good stable neighborhoods are an asset that should be conserved I think that’s fundamental to any kind of good planning unfortunately they’re usually rarely

Were analyzed unfortunately rarely recognized when planning occurs well it’s just like maintenance of you know the least sexy thing to which to allocate funds no politician can cut a ribbon on a bridge that’s been well maintained but it saves spending a lot more money on reconstructing that bridge

Down the pike and so it may be beholden to planning departments to give greater emphasis to this because when you do that your constituents are doing a lot of a planning for you and it’s a good way to engage people in in helping to control their their destiny as far as

NIMBYism goes that comes in many ways shapes and and and forms and I think uh if it’s if it’s if it’s something that is trying to keep people out it’s probably a negative force if it’s something but it’s trying to protect something but that long-term residents value I don’t see it as

Primarily a negative thing I don’t think it’s an exclusionary thing I think it’s again simply good conservation I have a good fortune to work in the summers in the Adirondacks where over the last 40 plus years now there has been a huge contract on between many lifelong residents and the Adirondack Park agency

Which administers the first regional zoning plan in the United States created in nineteen seventy one or two I forget which which has he been seen by many long-term residences as a stricture preventing economic development and so that’s beginning to change now because the Adirondacks as a place where far

More or of a land remains wild than any other place east of the Mississippi is being seen increasingly as an advantage not just for the tourists who come bear the hiker to vote her to whatever but for the economy and for for long-term residential communities ultimately it’s a balance but having the agricultural

Areas in Montgomery County is which my predecessor fits GW for its coo timeless was involved in I think is good a long-range planning for the health of it for the health of a county so well then I guess but it even gets to the irony in the rush to create walkable communities

We’re ignoring the existing walkable communities yes oftentimes that can happen and and and Washington is kind of a special case because as much more areas go it’s awfully prosperous but you look at you know many cities that are less so you know the clevelands or whatever

St. Louis is the Omaha’s or whatever of the world where there’s so much existing infrastructure but it’s just so-now underutilized so many housing stock you could you know a good middle-class house from 1910 or so would if you had comparable quality materials in the light cost a fortune now and to see a

Lot of us fabric neglected in and decay is is is I just think a squandering of resources the thing you have a coming from online yes yep what are the opportunities for these post-war communities to accommodate a reduction in the need for or reliance on the automobile from an environmental

Perspective we need to address for certain vehicle miles traveled issues well nothing nothing beats living in proximity to work and nothing seems to be more difficult nowadays the automobile has has fostered that it didn’t necessarily it didn’t necessarily create it but it isn’t always necessarily used to be automobile it’s

That that the distances one has to travel for for employment for shopping or for worship or for education or whatever can be made can be made minimal and that means not only little wheels are driving less but also automobiles are our may be used less often for for

Various things the idea of being able to walk to school is a wonderful thing but a lot of state school departments have have have ramped up the requirements so but any new school has to be built out really in the periphery to include everything on site which

Means everybody has to be bussed to school and so forth of the life which is beginning to be challenged in in some places but it’s simply an example of how outside forces can trigger this I think a greater real is and everybody nobody wants to be on the highway inching along

Bumper to bumper for an hour a half or whatever after a workday so it’s not the kind of Reliance we have on the automobile today is not one enhances our lives in many routine things so I think a lot of it and this really comes down to another kind of beyond physical

Planning but to to formulate strategies where the distances people have to travel are less nobody thought about this has thought about this until until fairly recently but I know but it’s as metropolitan populations grow it so you know it’s it’s it’s a it’s a major deal more time as squandered more energy is

Squandered and the like bye-bye long-distance commutes FS for metropolitan areas rural areas nowadays it’s very common to have people commute 30 40 miles each way because the places of employment have become more centralized they like to live in a small town but don’t want to but there’s no

Place to work there so they have to drive to the nearest large town small city or wherever and maybe that can begin to change to driving under those circumstances can be somewhat more pleasurable or at least not quite as harrowing but it’s still there’s the energy consumption and there is the time

And there’s everything else that’s a negative with that kind of long-distance transfer so I think the issue is issues of very one but it’s not just sort of you know Ritu I think the automobile also will be around for a long long time I changes in automobile technology may make it a lot

Friendlier to the environment that it is now but I think too much of our of our metropolitan and rural structures such as we can’t just pull the plug on the on the automobile but have to take steps again way beyond the realm of of planning to ensure that automobiles and

Future serve the planets needs more adequately great um I we’re going to our webcast program is going to cut off here um but we urge you to continue your QA on on the live portion but if I could just take one moment I know my screen is

Still black I’m we’re having just it’s just one of those days but I just want to make a few reminders if I made for our webcast folks and then we’re going to cut out but you can feel free to continue your Q&A in the live portion so

I just wanted to make a comment again thank you to the urban design and preservation division division for sponsoring this today thank you Richard and thank you Wendy and Gary and all of those folks that have helped out and you can get a recording of today’s webcast at our YouTube channel planning webcast

You can email me if you have any questions planning webcast yahoo com don’t forget to log those cm credits look for our future webcasts and like us on facebook and that’s it thanks thanks everyone for bearing with us with our late start and our at some point blank

Screens so thanks everyone have a great weekend and we’ll see you next time bye bye everybody

ID: X7N4nLVkeIQ
Time: 1380674684
Date: 2013-10-02 04:14:44
Duration: 01:18:51

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