Title:توسعه جامعه در یک زمینه جهانی: برنامه ریزی جنسیتی در شهرهای آفریقا

۰۲-۰۳-۲۰۱۲ ارائه دهنده: Charisma Acey این وب‌کست فقط برای مشاهده در دسترس است، برای اعتبارات AICP CM قابل استفاده نیست. کاریزما اسی یافته‌ها و تجربیات خود را با پاسخ‌های زنان به فقدان ارائه خدمات و زیرساخت‌های شبکه‌ای در چارچوب نقش‌ها و مسئولیت‌های آن‌ها در خانواده، احساس اجتماعی و فرصت‌های مشارکت در حکمرانی شهری در نیجریه و اوگاندا به اشتراک خواهد گذاشت. شواهد نشان می‌دهد که تعامل مستقیم بین جوامع آسیب‌دیده (احتمالاً از طریق یا با کمک بازیگران جامعه مدنی) و دولت می‌تواند به مشارکت شهروندان در تعیین اولویت‌های عمومی و در تصمیم‌گیری‌های بودجه‌ای منجر شود که بر دسترسی آنها به خدمات اساسی مانند آب، فاضلاب، حمل‌ونقل، انرژی و مراقبت‌های بهداشتی تأثیر می‌گذارد. با این حال، نیاز به برنامه‌ریزی شهری با آگاهی جنسیتی وجود دارد که نقش‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی زنان در محیط‌های شهری و راه‌هایی را که در آن زنان از فرصت‌های اقتصادی و تصمیم‌گیری کنار گذاشته می‌شوند، شناسایی کند.

قسمتي از متن فيلم: Hello my name is Brittany Kavinsky and I just want to welcome everyone it is now 1 p.m. so we will begin our presentation shortly today on Friday March second we will have our presentation on community development in a global context gender aware planning in African city cities

Given by karisma AC for help during today’s webcast please feel free to type your questions in the chat box found in the webinar tool bar to the right of your screen or call one eight hundred 263 6317 for content questions please feel free to type those in the questions

Box and we will be able to answer those at the end of the presentation during the question-and-answer session here’s a list of the sponsoring chapters divisions and universities I would like to thank all of the participating chapters divisions and universities for making these webcasts possible this is a

List of the upcoming webcast we have scheduled for the next few months to register for these upcoming webcasts please visit www.cash and register for your webcast of choice we are also offering distance education webcast to help you get your ethics or law credits before the end of the year these

Webcasts are available to view at ww utah APA org slash webcast archive you can now follow us on twitter at planning webcast or like us on Facebook planning webcast series to receive up-to-date information on the planning webcast series sponsored by chapters divisions and universities to log your CM credits

For attending today’s web webcast please go to ww planning org slash CM select today’s date which is Friday March second and then select today’s webcast community development in a global context gender aware planning and African cities this webcast is available for one and a half Sam credits we are

Also recording today’s webcast and will be available along with a PDF of the presentation at ww utah APA org slash webcast archive at this time I would like to introduce our speaker for today charisma AC charisma AC is an assistant professor at Ohio State University’s Austin in olin school of architecture

Dr. a C’s background includes extensive work research and travel to countries in Africa and Central may America her research focuses on international community development poverty alleviation and human environment interactions at multiple scales in urban areas of developing countries most recently she spent time in Uganda Nigeria looking at issues of

Gender empowerment at the community level and and introducing sustainable household scale alternative energy solutions she recently had an article published in gender and development gender and community mobilization for urban water infrastructure investment in southern Nigeria she has earned both a master’s degree in public policy and a

PhD in urban planning from the School of Public Affairs at the University of California Los Angeles let’s welcome charisma AC you you thank you very much brittany it’s my pleasure to be here to be part of the APA webcast series today and I’m excited to share with all of you a topic that’s

Close to my heart which is which is all about community development in African cities in particular am and one of the one of the the main findings that have come out of my work on helping to improve household access to water sanitation energy and other basic services is the critical role of women

In the household and women participating in governance and being at the center of or should needing to be at the center of our policies and planning to improve access for four people so the title of my talk today is gender aware planning in African cities community development

In a global context and I think I’ve hit my first a snafu as my slides do not seem to be advancing hold on one second here we go alright let’s get to the next slide so what is today’s presentation about well it’s about two things looking at women infrastructure and services both women’s

Access to basic services and infrastructure particularly networked infrastructure like roads and piped water and sewerage and service delivery and then this idea of gender aware planning so what is gender aware planning caryl rowe cody scholar first came came up with this term in an article in 1991 called cities and people

Towards a gender aware urban planning process it was published in the journal public administration and development and basically her argument was despite the recognition that kind of a technical approach to planning you know using a blueprint model and relying on experts that that that we know that that’s

Deficient we’re planning a still gender blind and so that’s despite you know increasing community participation and engagement particularly since the in the shift of governance and particularly since the 70s were still gender blind and so what she argues is that gender aware urban planning would recognize women’s economic and social roles in

Urban settings and the ways in which women become excluded from economic opportunities and decision-making now my particular area of research is I look at basic services but my dissertation work particularly focused on household access to water and this issue of women’s economic and social roles really come together around around water both

Because women are at the center in the household in all the African cities I’ve visited in terms of their responsibility for making sure the household has water so it can function on a daily basis but also the responsibility for acquiring that water and so when the government is not able to provide basics

Basic services like water to the household that puts it increased burden on women too to make up for that that for the public’s a further public for the enact for the deficiency excuse me in public services okay so this is an overview of the presentation first I’ll be looking at

The relationship between women and infrastructure will look at some data around women’s access to basic services like water then we’ll move on to looking more closely at the data from my fieldwork last year and in 2010 in Nigeria and Uganda talking to women about their access to infrastructure their satisfaction with basic services

And their sense of community how their struggles with accessing basic services affects their quality of life and their ability to to collaborate with their neighbors to improve their access thirdly we’ll talk about some frameworks for thinking about how would we achieve gender aware planning and how would that

Improve life on the ground not none only for women in their roles for of their responsibilities for securing basic services for the household but for the entire community and so what are the appropriate frameworks that exist for for fostering gender sensitive planning and then lastly just kind of to sum up

Looking at the data from the literature what we what we’ll talk about today what are the implications and possible results of using such frameworks before I begin I wanted to include a quote from dr. wangari maathai the late dr. Massiah she was the first African woman to win a

Nobel Peace Prize in the first environmentalist when a Nobel Peace Prize and her work her environmental work went hand in hand with women’s empowerment she was doing work in Kenya around tree planting and preventing before a station and was all about educating and empowering women that had

A huge environmental impact as a result and I just a reminder that even you know and I always have to remind myself this as you know we look at some of the statistics which are quite daunting and challenging we look at will see some slides shortly about the lack of access

To water and sanitation and some of it can be grim but there are people every day in the field working diligently tirelessly to improve life on the ground in the communities this work goes on every day and so she says count was across the globe work quietly and often

Without recognition to protect the environment promote democracy defend human rights and ensure equality between women and men by so doing they plant seeds of peace so let’s talk about women services and infrastructure I think putting pictures to two words um before we look at data is useful to kind of

Think about I don’t know how many of you have worked in developing countries or worked in African cities it’s a question we’ll ask on the survey at the end of today’s presentation but I often you know talk to students who’ve never been out of the country or who have never

Been in a developing country setting and you know it’s quite different we take a lot of our access to things like water being able to turn on the tap or flush a toilet for example for granted or turn on a stove all of those things so some

Of the challenges as I said women are at the center of the household in terms of their responsibilities for securing basic services for educating their children for providing health care for their families so these are pictures from my fieldwork in both some of the pictures are from nigerian Uganda terms

Of water there are a number of challenges revolving around not just the quality of water but actually physically being in reach of a piped network and so we tend to think about rural areas tend to come a mind come to mind we think about lack of access to water but the

Reality is in most African cities there are huge numbers of people who who have to search or fetch water every day of the cities and sometimes it’s done from clean you know open sources such as streams or open wells where they have to buy water and the UN World Health

Organization UNICEF joint monitoring program says that people who have to buy water to get clean water do not have access to improve sources of water so when you include people who have to buy water as well as people who fetch water from unclean sources we get up to nearly

A billion people world worldwide and a majority of people living in African cities are in that dilemma sewage and sanitation sewage if we think about water base sewage you know where where does water flow when we rent when it runs down the sink or into the streets

Where does it go so have being able to channel wastewater out of the city you know it’s a huge impact on public health as well as waste management and many many of those kind of basic services are lacking on the ground housing I have a picture here in the top right of your

Screen this is the community of macoco and Lagos Nigeria it’s a community actually built on top of water how land is that is so scarce and is that such a premium in Lagos that people have had to build extend the land so to speak into the water to the Lagos Lagoon and build

Houses on top of water and of course there’s no running water there’s no sewage they boat to give back and forth and so you can imagine some of the challenges their energy is another critical issue and one of the interesting things I found in the field

Is how some of these services are linked together so for example in Nigeria the lack of constant energy supply impacts water when the so if you’re in the city if you’re live here in the city and the electricity goes out well it also impacts the pumps that push water to

Those households that do have access to the pipe water network so when the when the power goes out water also goes out so that means people are forced to buy water from other households that have stored water or who have generators and are able to operate their water pumps it also means

Water becomes much more expensive at times when energy is out so that’s just an illustration of how these issues can be interrelated and so you can’t just look at one of these services in isolation you have to look at how they interact with each other the quality of roads is another huge infrastructure

Challenge in many and in many cities this is an image from afar EJ a local government in lagos the the image above the caption for roads i don’t know if you can appreciate how how how eroded the work the road is but it’s quite bumpy full of rocks full of debris it’s

It’s rotated to the point where you can see a defunct water pipe flowing to the right of the screen well and that ties into the next why would health people have accidents young people particularly old people elderly walking through communities have accidents all the time break arms break hands break legs

Because of the lack of quality roads and combining that with the lack of adequate health care that’s another way that infrastructure impacts families and then on the last slide I have an image of a community classroom this is education under health above health and education

This is a nonprofit that I work with in Uganda called the I magazi gimana Youth Association and the nonprofit is focused on youth but they recognize the fact that the women the mothers of the youth had a huge need both to earn income most of the families in the in the in the

Slums that this is uh that this nonprofit serves are our single women headed households most of the women that of the children who come to the survey and I found this to be true when i did my surveys don’t have much beyond an elementary school education um and so they have limited

Opportunities to earn income for their families and their biggest most of the woman’s biggest concerns was not the infrastructure despite how challenging it is it’s their desire to send their children to school and so the this organization started community literacy classes for the women and other income generating opportunities but just to

Talk about what are some of these interrelated challenges so if the if if energy supply cuts out that affects the price of water you need money to buy water from people who do have water but if your if your livelihood choices are limited by your education and so forth

So you see how these issues are all interrelated now as I said my research so far is really focused on access to water so I wanted to go into a little more detail around water supply and some of the challenges when it comes to access to water this is a from a

Un-habitat 2001 report when in the state of the world cities reports that looks at comparing the average daily time spent and distance travel per household by their primary water source and it compares the distance and time in 1967 to 1997 so the question is have things gotten better so all the places where

You see the white bar that’s 1997 where the white bar is longer than the blue bar that means that means the total distance to water has increased or the total time to fetch water has has increased and you see that that’s true for most of the sources of water whether

It’s a kiosk where you buy water buying water from a neighbor getting water from a well part of that is population increase more competition for scarce resources and then also as people migrate to cities it’s that that the the inadequate pace at which infrastructure has kept up with urbanization in

In many African cities another dimension of water access in cities has to do with how often does it run per day so just because you have a pipe in your house or a pipe stand that serves many households in your community it doesn’t mean that water is flowing through that pipe or

Flowing fast through that pipe and so these are some statistics from cities around the world showing how many hours a day pipe a piped water runs so you say Mombasa Kenya you have an average of two point nine hours per day so that means out of a 24-hour period there’s only

Going to be water flowing through the pipe for edit most up to three hours up places in India chennai hyderabad one hour a day Madras water only runs every third day and so forth so that’s another dimension of of access to water so it’s it’s about the availability of water in

Terms of its pipes and you know I mean in terms of your proximity to a source of water but it’s also about how adequate is that water and how reliable is it now one thing I will point out that’s another dimension of the of the access picture that came out really

Strongly in my fieldwork is reliability so one difference I’m talking to my colleagues who work in India is that even though the water only flows several hours per day they publish schedules in the paper informing residents when the water will run so people can build in some kind of regularity and in their

Household schedule around collecting water because they know when the water will come in the cities that I’ve been to in in in Nigeria and then more recently ganda where where water is is inadequate there is no publish schedule and so you don’t know when water is

Going to run or not and so that’s a huge burden thinking woman at women who have to you know get their children into and from school who have to cook for the household more responsible water not knowing when water is is going to run is another a very specific and

Very daunting challenge sorry this is a repeat so I ok the next slide um so this is a slide from the UN World Health Organization joint monitoring program around improved and unimproved sources of water I put this here um so that you understand world the the statistics and

I’m going to talk around access to water globally I’m going to talk about the UN Millennium Development Goals shortly but when you hear the statistics um you know nearly 1 billion people lack access to improved sources of drinking water the the actual situation is more is a worse

Than the statistics kind of indicate so 1 billion lack access to improve sources of drinking water but improved source of drinking water doesn’t mean a tap of treated water coming into your household improve sources of drinking water includes all of these things in the top blue box so piped water coming into your

House or maybe your yard if you share dwelling with a number of residents think about an apartment community with multiple residences or your house plot but it may not come into your house improve water may also be a public tap or a standpipe we were in communities

Where you know doing doing our surveys where one pipe stand serves hundreds of people know might serve 50 households which is hundreds of people around a public pipe stance so even again that goes back to the other dimension of access even though you may be in proximity of a source of water doesn’t

Mean that it’s adequate and that’s another particular challenge when it comes to sanitation particularly for women again you know if you’re not near a place to use to use the bathroom public latrine is not necessarily access to sanitation for anyone but their specific which is for women around public

Latrines so public taps or stand pipes are include are included in improved sources of drinking water bore holes so those are deep deep wells that go hundreds of feet into the ground that tap into groundwater sources protected wells protected swing springs and rain water so people that lack when you hear

The statistics about 1 billion lacking access to water those are people that don’t have access to any of these improve sources of water and below you see the unimproved sources of drinking water so what are the relationship between water and health so we just talked about how some of the services or

The lack of services impact each other um now looking at water how does that impact health so these are some statistics from Ghana comparing Ghana Indonesia and Brazil cities aquatic art em sao paulo um you see Accra in Ghana in West Africa more households this is from a studies done in night between

۱۹۹۴ ۱۹۹۹ published in the 2001 state of the world cities report so you see in Accra forty six percent of households had no water source at their residence so that means you’re using some kind of community or shared water source thirteen percent in Jakarta a five

Percent of South paolo at the time of the study sanitation the percentage that share toilets with more than ten households again in a car I you see forty-eight percent and so forth so you can see some of some of the statistics there around water waste indoor air pollution so that’s the energy challenge

Having to use fuel wood or charcoal is tied to acute respiratory infection other health problems also the lack of sanitation attract pests flies disease vectors and so forth and overcrowding the number of households and then the second the table on the bottom looks at the same statistics but divides it by

Income class and we see here the burden on the poor is the greatest while everybody is impacted by these statistics including the affluent in terms of some not having access to water sanitation it disproportionately impacts poor households and so one of the the consequences of you know having to fetch

Water and store water in open places is acquiring diarrhea and so this table just shows the odds ratio of the risk ratio of of becoming sick with diarrhea linked to some of these factors around not having adequate water clean sources of water and sanitation so when you have

To use a pot for storing water which is quite common you’re four times as likely to have diarrhea and so forth so these are extra burdens on for households on women-led households and so forth so talking about deprivation uh you know the lack the lack of infrastructure this

Is this all centers around housing and there’s a great book that I like to refer to by Sandy Saren cross called the poor die young housing and health and third world cities and the book really makes the connection between public health and housing looking at housing is

Not just the structure but at a buck as a bundle of services that includes infrastructure and basic services delivery that are critical to public health and the book makes the argument through case studies that we can’t look at public health in isolation or look at it as a primarily about medicines and

Treating illness but we have to look at things like planning and governance and infrastructure if we can improve people’s housing we can improve public health so the women so the link to some of the gender challenges here you’ll see in some of the in some countries a higher percentage of women headed

Households have three or more sheltered or patients so what our shelter deprivation these are how the UN classifies what is a slum you may have heard the word if you redevelop development literature you may have heard the word slum and what is what exactly does that mean well the UN

Classifies it as an area with one or more sheltered deprivation sheltered deprivation include quality how or the lack of quality housing overcrowding the lack of improved water source lack of improved sanitation and insecure land tenure so an area where the majority of people lack one of those things is

Considered a slum and we see that in some countries women lead households more of them are live in households that lack three shelter deprivation is over one shelter deprivation so that means living living in slums other challenges around women led households land tenure is tied up in gender and often is not

Extended to women you still have dual systems of property rights in countries where there’s a traditional system of property rights operating alongside a more civil property rights and when we may not have access to to land even in cities um you also find women having to

Migrate to cities in order to earn a livelihood to support their support their families and women and even back in the rural areas as men leave for cities it creates further hardships for women so there’s all kinds of ways that urbanization and the impact of inadequate infrastructure services

Impacts women how how they’re related directly on women and indirectly through what what ends up happening to the family so what what has been done so far to address this um the UN Millennium Development Goals I know most of you probably heard heard of these um in September 2000 the world came together

And agreed for the first time on a on a common set of targets to reduce extreme poverty by 2015 and those have become come to be known as the millennium development goals and their eight of them but there’s a whole whole host of targets and indicators underneath that

Countries are supposed to meet and and these Millennium Development Goals have been tied to receiving aid and debt relief and so forth to kind of push countries to move towards achieving these Millennium Development Goals and it’s it’s interesting if you go into communities I find that many most people

Are aware even though the UN MDGs are a high-level kind of thing you know the level of national governments coming together around these goals it’s penetrated down to the ground and people know about the Millennium Development Goals and know that governments their governments are supposed to be doing

Something to help them achieve these they may not know the details of it but they do know about the MDGs um what I’ll say here just about them is that the in terms of Africa is that well although the whole world has made progress towards eradicating extreme poverty if

You look at the mdg website there’s been huge progress made towards the percentage of people reducing the percentage of people living on less than a dollar twenty-five a day of course there’s a lot of criticism around poverty line statistics so we may have reduced the number that live on less

Than a dollar twenty-five a day but if you make a dollar fifty a day are you much better off than someone that makes a dollar twenty-five is a is a fair question but you know using that measure and and and that’s what the MDGs are all about kind of giving us benchmarks and

And and something to work towards to achieve that we can all see and agree that progress has been made there has been progress made on that and around the world most regions have made progress towards all of the millennium development goals unfortunately in among African countries as a region they’re

Behind on most about meeting most of the MDGs um and I just wanted circle here you know where does water sanitation fit or housing fit it falls under goal seven ensuring environmental sustainability see one of the key targets here is reduced by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe

Drinking water as well as achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers so the hot so at the very highest levels there’s agreement around what we need to achieve but in terms of you know access to water these are these are really these are local government challenges

And increasingly as governments have decentralized and kind of put the responsibility or burden I should say on local governments to meet the needs of the people oftentimes without funding that mandate this is really a local challenge it’s a planning challenge it’s a governance challenge so you have the

High level mdg but the issue is what’s going on on the ground this is just a less mdg here on this slide develop a global partnership for development so that has to do with aid and that the aid that flow of aid to countries is part of the millennium development goals so now

I want to talk a little bit more specifically about Uganda and Nigeria and what I found there and how that relates to what kind of the overview of these challenges around network infrastructure that we just talked about now Nigeria is located in West West Africa and Uganda is in East Africa and

I just circled the capital cities their legos on the leftist circle that’s right on the Atlantic coast Lana goshen coast and paula is adjacent to Lake Victoria in East Africa so the first thing that both case studies will highlight is the gender gap and service provision so this

Is an interesting picture here this is dis pictures from legos I you see a woman with a bucket of water she’s just filled it from these large water tapes here the man in the picture owns owns those water tanks it’s a community that is in the city but isn’t is miles and

Miles away from the the piped water mains and so the man himself we talked we interviewed him he used his own money his own capital to buy pipes and pay someone to tap into the water mains and lay miles of pipe from the water mains and bring it to this community and then

He sells the water to the community now he is he is providing a service and he is improving access to water you know in this community what’s hidden and what I’m getting at in the talk today is the is the gender issue which came up over

Again over and over again is it hidden in this is that women are responsible for collecting water so the fact that the state is not providing water to this community a woman who is often not in the business of providing water must you know enter these engendered relationships to secure water from men

Who do sell who sell water in the community and they have to give money from their husbands or they have to find ways to earn money on their own separate I found that a lot in Nigeria where women were given were had the responsibility to come up with the money

For school fees and money for water on their own and so that’s why you see a lot of women engaged in and petty trade on the streets things like that only earning enough money each day in order to buy the next either that days or the

Next day’s supply of water and food um other other issues that impact the gender gap or service services provision again I’ll mention again women headed household we saw that many women live in households with multiple sheltered deprivation the state of society women’s role in decision-making their agency their

Ability to make decisions on and that’s going to come up later when we look at the survey data in terms of how to manage the affairs in their household whether to have children whether how they obtain money from their husbands how they can spin the household budget

All of the women’s role in household decision-making is bound up in in the gap and this also affects the billet the ability of poor households to to reduce their own vulnerability and this has an impact on livelihoods and empowerment what what is not a studied in the literature is the impact of inadequate

Infrastructure and services on women’s ability to participate in governance that is not well understood or their ability to engage in livelihood I mentioned earlier about the the the randomness of water you know when will it flow and having that being a constraint on what you can do with your

Day so the question is how would a model of gender where urban planning going back to Rico DS definition recognize women’s economic and social roles in urban settings in ways that they become excluded from decision-making and economic opportunity so in order to do to get some information on this I

Engaged in a mixed methods research study we did F household surveys ethnographic meeting face to face in in in homes the we did semi-structured interviews as well and recorded them and made observations at the neighborhood neighborhood level in urban areas of Kampala and in Lagos and inventing City

Nigeria so there were three cities altogether where did field work the primary data consisted of 204 surveys so 49 were gathered in in Kampala and 155 between the two city in Nigeria we also recorded eight semi-structured interviews and then this was backed up by secondary data from the

Demographic and health surveys done in Nigeria and Uganda in 2008 and 2006 respectively dimmick demographic and health surveys is an organization funded by USAID and others that carries out a regular surveillance around public health and demographics in in more than 30 countries around the world if you if

You google measure DHS or if you just go to measure DHS calm you have free access to these reports to datas there’s mapping tools available on the website and researchers can also sign up and get access to to the actual statistical data set so that you can run your own run

Your own analyses and I mention this because this is a great resource for people who are looking you know to learn more to do more research on developing countries because it can be quite difficult to find good data you know unlike here in the US where we’re kind

Of overloaded with data and you have the senseless and it’s free and available synthesis are often not conducted conducted regularly or not digitized it can be really difficult to find good quality demographic data so there’s one source to use so we collected primary data and use that second data secondary

Data an end country I worked with a part community partners on the ground so I mentioned one nonprofit in Uganda the amiga’s egham on you Youth Association and mockery university also talk to faculty there and then in Nigeria i worked with omega and associates and I should have put the University of Lagos

In the University of Benin have been every time I go to Nigeria I work with the faculty and some students air as well so the questionnaire in order to get at how women feel about their access to basic services and infrastructure and how that impacts their their quality of

Life and sense of community we used a sense of community scale to 15 items scale and we’ll see what the questions are in a couple of slides the scale was designed in the u.s. to measure how how new innovations in housing like us you know kind of smart growth housing and

Higher density housing and urban settings impacts people’s willingness to interact with each other but when you look at the tool it’s it’s the questions I wanted to test whether these same questions could be used in other settings to gauge a sense of community so part of this study was also

Exploratory to to see how useful this instrument was we asked about their status in addition to the sense of community scale we also asked the women surveyed about their satisfaction with neighborhood amenities and services like health care education roads water electricity crime food security we asked open-ended questions about why did you

Move to this neighborhood and then collected demographic questions and with the intent later to do some analysis around those demographic questions so this is the sense of community scale this is a comes from NASA and Julian published in 1995 and they found that this scale was a robust way has other

Sense of community psychological sense of community scales before then had hundreds of questions yet they found and they did testing item testing in her rating reliability measures and all of that and found that you could get the same robust test of sense of community with just 15 15 questions which has a

Huge impact on being able to you know turn the affordability of doing these kind of studies and replicating results and so these are the questions and you ask each individual to what extent do a strongly agree or strongly disagree with these statements and they range from do you feel that you’re similar to

The people to most people that you that you live around or can you find help if you need it or how are the police or are their friends in the neighborhood if there are problems addressing the neighborhood people would get together and solve it that was when I was

Particularly interested for the in the in the African context because I wanted to know what extent to what extent do people feel like they could work with their neighbors to overcome challenges around basic services delivery now there are some data collection challenges related to this survey in terms of

Getting a systematic sample going back to the lack of easily available census tabulation areas were a complete like a phone book listing of all the households random selection is a huge a huge challenge so I relied on snowball sampling where you talk to people and

You ask them to refer you to you know five other people and you ask each of those to refer you to other people so we used a snowball sampling administering the survey so there are some language challenges involved and so you know i worked with those organizations that i

Mentioned earlier in teams to do translation on the ground interviewer bias this is always a challenge when you’re administering surveys and and you have one intent as the the researcher on terms of collecting data but the person who’s doing the actual interview may emphasize some questions or not or you

Know be thinking about if you’re working with nonprofits and found you know they’re looking at potential funding and so I’ve had to talk to some like outer parts like don’t encourage them to answer the data you know to give the worst possible answer you know just we

Just want their honest reaction so those are some of the things that come up question comprehension again using an instrument that was designed in the u.s. context in another setting so there there were some challenges in terms of us needing to reword the question or think through

What the question actually meant in the local context and adapting it and then there’s sensitivity real sensitivity around collecting certain demographic information people are not as used to giving up their their their income what they do what they spend their money on all of those kind of things on a regular

Basis like we are here and if we don’t like it we’re used kind of used to being asked those questions very sensitive and so can be difficult to collect those in the field um excuse me for this presentation today I’m not I’m nearly out of time and I’m not able to go into

A lot of the grass and details but I’m just wanted to summarize a sense of what what were the main findings that we that we got out of out of this study and so these are the questions that we that in the end that we asked people about this

Is how we adapted this as a community scale with the questions that you see on this slide and we found that they were most there was most disagreement with questions 16 and eight so you are similar to most people who live in your neighborhood people disagreed with that

They felt that they that they were not like the people who lived and lived in their neighborhood and we found that more so in the higher density areas or the more low-income areas we found more more people saying that they were less similar to the people they lived with

Six your friends in your neighborhood are part of your everyday activities there was a lot of disagreement around that people tended to keep to them keep to themselves your friends in your neighborhood on whom you can depend again while for very superficial things people talk to each other but when you

Say friends which has a much deeper meaning people disagreed with idea that they actually have friends in the neighborhood that they could depend on people were neutral on questions for 13 14 and 15 so neither a strongly agree or strongly disagree this um one I just want to highlight

Question for the police in your neighborhood are friendly so this is another instance where we learned something about you know how we might have to adapt the question or think about using it in other context so people were not comfortable talking about the police I wanted to say whether

The police are friendly or not you know for fear of retaliation you know there’s not that good relationship with with with the police in the communities where we went particularly the low the lower-income communities but even in the affluent communities we surveyed people were they would make faces indicating

That they you know we’re not satisfied with with policing services but didn’t really want to indicate strongly either way there was most agreement with questions 2 and 5 so if you feel like talking you can find someone in your neighborhood to talk to right away again

We found that more in the higher density settlements that’s just because people are always around there’s somebody around so you could say yeah there’s always someone to talk to um five people in your neighborhood know they can get help from others if they are in trouble

So even though so this is where you have to get into um you know how much correlation is there between these questions to some of these questions kind of get at the same concepts in different ways while on one hand people would not say that they had friends on

Whom they could depend they did say that they could get help from others as they were in trouble um 10 was the the question I had the most strongest agreement if someone does something good for your neighborhood that makes you feel good so there’s there is some kind

Of attachment to where the one we talked to live in the sense that things that happen in the neighborhood they feel like it also impacts impacts them relatively few expressed strong agreement with with with our disagreement that should say with any question but among those who did the

Most the highest number of strongly disagree responses came around how people care about their neighborhood question three the police questioned arm finding if you’re if you’re upset finding someone to talk to having friends in the neighborhood and neighbor having neighborhood leaders that you can trust and that that last

One number fourteen was something a particular interest to me because of the importance of neighborhood leaders in terms of improving basic services in the community in terms of asking people there about their satisfaction women about their satisfaction with a neighborhood amenities there was most dissatisfaction around the state of

Roads and clean water there was more expressed satisfaction with education electricity the level of crime and food what I will say about education and electricity um and this again gets into how we how we word the question so we were intending to ask people about this at their satisfaction with public

Education or you know the state provided electricity but what you know people responded based on the fact that there’s a lot of private schools for example around that educate children and so they’re satisfied with the private schools but the private schools are quite expensive they can’t send their

Children there they dislike the public schools or the government’s schools but they’re there they’re satisfied with private schools even if they can’t send their children there so you says some of those things that you you don’t know until you go to the field and actually talk and that’s where the interviews the

Recorded interviews actually help to to elaborate and shed light on on some of the data we collected through the surveys so remember we also asked the open-ended question about why the women we talked to move to this neighborhood again with the intention of later correlating satisfaction with the

Neighborhood or sense of community with with reasons for moving to neighborhood so these are not in any order but these are some of the things that women told us so the location of the neighborhood transportation was important the fact that the neighborhood had water was important um that the

House belonged to the family so it was just a house handed down some people did mention that neighbors were an important part of why they moved to the neighborhood some and the other thing I should point out is is how how much infrastructure plays into a part of

Where why people decide to move to where they live so you can see electricity sanitation roads water are some reasons that people chose chose chose their neighborhoods the fact that it’s peaceful or their security that was more of an issue in Nigeria the security of a neighborhood and then some women just

Said they had no choice in the matter the decision was not in their hands these are just some of the background demographics on who we talk to so the number of children in the household on average was for this is across the whole study marital status 42 women were

Single 140 were married that includes traditional marriages so marriage is where there may not be it may not have been done in a court it’s not a civil marriage but it’s it’s a traditional ceremony 12 women were widowed and nine had been divorced in terms of housing tenure the majority rented their have

Their housing 111 54 on their housing at 29 lived in some kind of familial relationship and there were midst of housing types and this is one thing going forward I want to look at is how how does the type of housing you live in whether it’s single-family or

Multifamily or flats apartments or rooms these are 11 room living quarters which are quite common particularly in Lagos where housing is is at a premium and landis scares people whole families will live in one room or in two rooms which they call room and parlor so how do those kinds of housing configurations

Impact women and as a community and their ability to stew to secure basic services for in yeah services for their families so I where we’re almost to the end so I wanted to wrap up by talking about you know what are they the frameworks out there to

Kind of bring this together we know that the lack of infrastructure and basic services differentially impacts women repose or impulses a higher burden on women in in these settings where they where they they have the main responsibility for the household but also face challenges in terms of their

Own roles within their their families within their their households and within their communities in terms of their agency and their ability to make decisions so we know that that differential impact it’s is so what kind of frameworks out there exist for help us to help us understand and and

Incorporate into new kinds of planning either advocacy planning or prep or practical approaches to planning or interventions that can improve things sometime go through these in a couple of slides but we’re going to talk about livelihoods this notion of going beyond thinking about income earners to livelihoods most African cities are are

The majority of the economy is the informal economy so it’s not a kind of regular salary or hourly employment and so it’s the informal economy and people do a whole variety of things including barter and trading their time and in all kinds of relationships in order to

Secure the basic services and that they need for the household gender aware planning particular specifically and the idea of women’s empowerment and then sense of community what do these concepts how can they help us move towards closer towards planning that is sensitive to these these these disparate impacts by Jennifer so the livelihoods

Framework framework this from a paper before the world Social Forum in 1995 by chambers called poverty and livelihoods whose reality counts and this is really the beginning of this was the paper was a challenge to two professionals and development to to go beyond the the statistics that are found

In and published places which are which miss out on this informal economy and the reality of the poor and so it looks at how people secure their their livelihood of how they make a living living has to do with their capabilities which has to do with what a Marty ascend

The Nobel Prize winner talked about people’s people’s ability based on their human capital to exchange their they what they who they are and what they are for for what they need so their capabilities what assets do they have and and and and these assets are either tangible so claims so again tying to

Women’s access to land and maybe the fact that maybe they don’t get extended land tenure and how that impacts their ability to secure quality housing and adequate infrastructure I’m an intangible assets how much are you able to store if you’re if you’re on a day-to-day basis in terms of earning

Earning money through petty trading in order to earn a living then how much are you able to store to withstand a rainy day so to speak so this this is a framework that could be a really useful one in terms of helping us think about a model of gender or we’re planning

There’s another framework that’s tied to the livelihoods approach called the asset vulnerability framework this was published by Carol Moser in 1998 looking at think looking at how do we reduce urban poverty new ways of thinking about it and again it’s broadening our understanding to look at human capital labour housing and infrastructure

Bringing all these things under 11 umbrella and looking at the capacity to respond to changes in the external environment and what Carol Moser says is that this depends not only on community level trust and collaboration but on the on relationships that are in the household and intra household and

That’s really at the center and the heart of of the issues around gender & and women and their roles in the household and how that links to community community development so this is another framework that we can use to think about gender sensitive planning so empowerment framework this is talked

About by nyla Kabir first in 1999 our article the conditions and consequences of choice reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment and she brings up the critical point of how life choices end up impacting a quality quality of life end up impacting your access to services so and so I was looking at

Nigeria thinking about decision-making agency among households there and there was one study that that look that looked at this crits at all in 1997 so what you decide to buy in the house whether the wife works how to spin our husbands income or whether she has her own the

Ability to choose how many children you have or use family planning or send your children it’s all those kind of strategic life choices end up impacting your quality of life and so now you like a beer talks about these as preconditions your resources your agency how you use your resources or how you’re

Able to use your resources and with what extent do you have a choice what extent do women have a choice around how to either resources and then outcomes and then uh lastly this is something I’m wrestling with which is specific to the water sector but looking at how does uh

How does um household access to water reflect these relationships that are embedded within households and entra household relationships as well as at the community and imparted end as part of larger context and this is what my dissertation was about and work that I’m continuing the work on has to deal

With is how do we understand how households access to water within the set of embedded and nested relationships so this is a diagram looking at the overlap between the individual and in most cases that’s I’m looking at women given their their responsibilities for securing water for the household and

Lick in looking at the individuals and in the context of the household in the context of the neighborhood and then how that is embedded within a specific policy environment that impacts how services are provided to the household so what what and what I’m arguing is that we need this kind of more

Contextual understanding of how basic services work and and and how basic services differentially impacts women if we’re going to make any real headway towards those statistics for example Millennium Development Goals and improve access to water and sanitation and energy on the ground because even if we at the macro level increase the amount

Of water that flows through cities or the the amount of electricity how whether a particular household gets access to those services or not it’s going to be moderated and mediated by these relationships that happen within in between and between households and so to the extent that planning can provide

Ways and tools for for women to exert their agency things will be better off for a household so that’s the but that’s the gist of what what where I am with the data collected so far and with this topic of gender gender sensitive planning and gender aware planning so be

Interested if you have questions and what your thoughts are about this my last two slides I have our online resources so these are places you can google them to get data if you’re interested in doing work on around international development is something places to get to get data data and then

This is the article that I published in 2010 that was published in gender and development if you want more detail around this this topic and how women mobilize for urban water in in Nigeria I would refer you to to this article so in terms of thinking forward the main

Findings housing configuration how many children women have matter income age quality of services and why they chose the particular neighborhood seem to mediate how free are women to choose where they live and this has implications for participatory interventions any kind of participatory based governance and participatory planning we have to be thinking about

These embedded relationships within and between households and communities and how and how women are at the center of those embedded relationships and I did find support for Malik kabir kabir work that showing that strategic life choices whether to marry have children the kind of work you do for women does impact

Other less consequential maybe seemingly less consequential choices that impact their quality of life such as the quality of housing and and their subsequent access to to water another basic infrastructure so thank you very much for your attention today this is my contact details my email and our website

At the milton school of architecture please feel free to contact me if you have any questions or would like more information or want to talk about work that you’re doing I welcome it and these are some of the community women’s whoa than one of the moms in Uganda of the

End that those are her two daughters that go to the to the youth center I work with their so thank you for your time I hope you enjoyed today’s case studies of community development challenges facing women and potential opportunities for moving towards gender aware planning thank you very very much

Okay great because my I’m we’re going to take some questions now on so our first question comes in from Kelly O’Neil everyone pays for water in developed countries either directly through paying a utility bill or through paying rent where the water payment is factored in could you elaborate on how UNICEF or

Other organizations defined that not everyone pays for water sure um what they’re referring to is the purchase of bottled water and so not every household purchases purchases bottled water in order to prefer their drinking water and so what what the joint monitoring program is saying households that have to purchase bottled

Water for drinking water don’t have access to improve sources of water so that they’re specifically referring to bottled water okay great our next question comes in from Douglas Martin are you ganda Nigeria indicated of the major cut the majority of countries in Africa in terms of gender bias is there

A relationship between types of governmental structures throughout different countries in Africa and gender bias or degree of gender bias that’s that’s a big question because you we got 52 countries um but I would say there yes they’re indicative of the kinds of of gender discrepancies you’ll find similar things in most countries

Although the specifics of that will vary you do have um you know I’m thinking of Ghana the Shante you know women or you know have a very much more dominant and central role and a more and take more of a decision-making role in household whereas in other communities that’s not

That’s not the case we also have differences by the traditional governance structure so for example in one of my two sites in Benin City the traditional the traditional leadership there there’s a king called the Oba and there’s a traditional chieftaincy is very very strong and women can’t interact with that with that structure

At all and when it comes to advocating for your neighborhood then that means a man typically man who’s the oldest person who lives on the street is the one who represents your neighborhood in the court of the king and the the state government defers a lot in terms of responsibility for addressing community

Concerns to traditional structures and so where you see those kinds of traditional structures around the continent being playing a very central dominant role then you’ll see similar relationships so there’s a lot of very so there’s a lot of variety on the ground so you know thousands of you know

Ethnicities and and and groups and traditions and cultures but there are some common threads in these two cases that make them very very illustrative of what’s going on across the continent I hope that answers your question okay I’m our next question comes in from kim tran what is related to the theory of

Reasoned action in this study yes thanks you were looking at my slide on the water demand framework I didn’t talk about it as much in this in this paper that has to do with my dissertation where I was looking at how do households a cope with the lack of

Access to basic services and I was using hirschmann Albert Hirschman exit voice and loyalty framework to see when you’re facing you know a water cut off or a pipe burst or you know some other some other factor that impacts your access do you speak out about it so do you

Exercise voice do you use the market mechanism you know find an alternate supply or do you kind of acquiesce or wait for things to get better to exhibit some kind of loyalty whether it’s loyalty by acquiescence or enforced loyalty because you don’t have a choice and so because i was looking at how

People make decisions that’s where i was i was looking at the theory of reasoned action in terms of how people make make make choices the psychological reasoning behind the choices they make ok our next question comes in from James garofalo to do see any impacts from the Uganda civil

War or Nigerian oil conflict I’m not in you know the civil war in in Uganda is in the north arm and in fact everyone you know when I was very one kept saying how they’re always frustrated because I you don’t really have the impact of that in in Kampala

And yet you know people are advised not to travel to Uganda I’m all that’s on the on the in the north and the border with the Congo so I did not see that except to the extent that you know people who who are from those regions

You know will will flee the fighting in and live in cities and it migrated more to cities but not directly um in Nigeria benin city is part of the Niger Delta region but it’s not in the area that’s most directly impacted by oil by the by

The oil industry although it is part of the Niger Delta region but I do work with people who do work in the Niger Delta region and it’s the challenges are even more incredible because of the the massive pollution by by the the international oil companies have destroyed drinking water systems and

Have destroyed the environmental the environment and the people the sources of people’s livelihoods and and and food and so the impact on in Nigeria in terms of where the wealth comes from but the people were suffering paying the price for that is huge in the Niger Delta but

Benny city is part of the Niger Delta but not directly in the areas where the oil companies are operating so not directly part of this study okay um well actually we haven’t received any more questions I guess we can wait a moment and see if anybody else has any questions they would like

To send in their eyes we might end a little bit early okay so this question comes in from James our follow our their civil service departments creating new infrastructure yes can you hear me Brittany yeah I can hear you okay I can I keep pushing my mute button is over

That’s right I need to leave it alone um yes there is uh in in all the countries there there is um there is a civil service in various countries sometimes the civil service is centralized and tied to the national government and in other countries it’s decentralized Uganda is a centralized civil service

The water supply authority is national in Nigeria it’s the local government state government and local government that are responsible for example for water so you do have government structures that are tasked with this Nigeria went through privatization in the 1990’s and that improved the quality

Of water supply a lot on the ground so they went through some major reforms in their in their water sector I think the biggest challenge when it comes to to the civil service is fun is is dual as funding and prioritizing the civil service by higher levels of government

And where the money for it for it comes from so for example in Nigeria oil revenues fund the government as opposed to taxes so in terms of where is the accountability going it goes up towards the central government instead of down towards the people and I think that has

An impact on on on the quality of services provided but also in talking to be fair and talking to civil servants they also talk about their own frustration with the lack of budget for example when the electricity goes out in you know in Nigeria and they need fuel

To run the generators the big generators to run to pump water through the city well they don’t have a they don’t get the budget you know too to buy fuel to run those generators so yes there is a civil service there and there are reform efforts going on but

There are challenges related to both financing and governance okay and we have another question from a Jason and Michigan how can microloans help do they cause a widening gap when focused only to women no actually I think micro loans are a great a great protein fat in fact

In i’m going to pronounce this wrong i’m in abide in a min abad in india they’ve successfully used micro loans to fund infrastructure development both water and sewage and it’s women who have mostly been the ones to take on those those loans and have been the ones actually building the infrastructure and

It is and it has been successful there there are micro loan programs in in Nigeria I’m not as familiar with the microloan projects in Uganda but mostly they’re for private enterprise activity not using micro loans for infrastructure for public infrastructure but at least I know of one example where micro loans in

Urban settings to find infrastructure has has worked and that is in a meta bod India so that that’s a potential approach that could work possibly in other settings all right I’m our next question comes in from Patricia Malley in your studies did you examine any gender related planning concerns

Examples or practices from Cameron if so how did they relate to the ones you mentioned already in your report I’m sorry I didn’t look specifically at Cameroon I’ve looked at other cases ivory coast south africa Senegal but I haven’t specifically looked at Cameroon if there’s anything about the Cameroon

Case that that’s interesting or that you want to ask as a question I’d be happy to think about it but I haven’t looked at it yet in specific specifically in relation to to this study okay I’m our next question comes in from Stephanie McBrayer where do you see hope for the

Future in this situation what is the word what is our working best to improve the lives of women and children in these households I think our I think the hope is is there on the ground already every day with with the women it’s just getting aligning our planning practices with the

Women giving them opportunity to to have a voice and and participate and it’s not easy because of the variety of how how governance operates on the ground in different places and as I mentioned before traditional structures but we have to keep working on it and we have

Mechanisms to do that in terms of planners in other settings working in partnership with with communities on the ground through through nonprofit work through international development assistance those are mechanisms that we that we can use to open pathways for women to take a stronger role and have a

Stronger say we have to start with just listening to women and I think that came out a lot in this study by just by talking to women you discover so much of what’s going on and what are the real challenges in improving access to basic services and so just that insight alone

Will will help improve prove the delivery of basic services and then finding finding formal mechanisms that through which women can-can officially participate and be empowered to participate not saying it’s easy but that’s that’s where it lies in listening to women and then have creating opportunities for them to be directly

Involved in in the decision-making around these basic services because they know at best alright great and we have we have one more question from kim tran what is your suggestion for further study well there’s a ton there’s a ton of research going on around around these issues I

Think planning is is now at a zenith when it comes to international development I’d recommend the the 2009 a global report on human settlements I mentioned it in the last in the last slide also housing the poor die young housing and health in third world cities

That book um I think it are great places to start to kind to start to look at the intersection between issues of housing infrastructure planning and and challenges around public health and economic development but I think the future is in in those intersections um it’s it’s planner is taking seriously

The idea that how we plan impacts impacts public health and we have challenges doing that here in the US I’ve talked to our students who have internships in local agencies who you know who want to include indicators on our around public health you know on on maybe some housing projects that they’re

Working on and there’s no support for that massive pushback like no one wants to take on more responsibility than what they’re than what they’ve uh what they what their official job description or agency portfolio says but we have to take seriously the interaction between planning health economic development and

And hold ourselves accountable for for those for those things if we’re going to if we’re going to see improvement on the ground and so I think planners who are versed in what’s going on in other fields you know make for bread or better planners and better advocates in on the

Ground or in their in their professional life alright our next question comes in from James garofalo is the foreign aid addressing these problems as much as just studying them well I’m not sure exactly what you mean by that but if if if you’re asking is a defective it can

Be i mean it’s flowing a everyday various forms of aid for example in in nigeria just five years ago they received two states there including legos received 190 million dollar zero interest loan from the International Development Agency an arm of the World Bank to improve the water the water

Infrastructure so there there there is assistance that’s going but it can always be better so it goes hand in hand you have to study it you have to read about what’s happening you have to learn about it and then if you if you’re inclined and interested get and get

Involved and be a part of it but I’m not sure if I if I answered what your you are actually asking but they’re both important you need to aid and and and UN we need new thinking going into the field and being being a part of the solution okay I’m our next question

Comes in from Ed Lynch how well is land ownership documented in tribal areas to be able to manage the sources of water for future generations and to allow women or cooperatives to purchase those rights yeah land is a really big challenge because of the for a couple of

Reasons setting aside for a moment documentation and paperwork you have the traditional forms of land tenure and then civil forms of land land tenure and then you have very different structures like for example Nigeria there’s no there’s no real private property rights the state owns all the land at most an individual gets

You know a perpetual right to occupy a piece of land but they never fully fully owned it and and and of course land tenure and ownership impacts how resources are utilized and environmental sustainability so you have very different land land tenure land rights in each country and then you have the

The traditional versus civil forms of land land tenure and then the whole documentation aspect is a whole other a whole other random factor on top of that and there’s disputes all the time that’s why you go to many cities and you’ll see people writing you know this house not

For sale on the side of the house because of the documentation problem and land gets sold out from under people all the time and this disputes all the time around that and then these are some of the kind of practical challenges around not having you know you know records

Administration and digitization of files and that’s always a lot of funding around those kind of projects now in developing countries to kind of digitized records and make databases and make those publicly available because those kind of practical things do impact tenure and and how land and resources

Are managed I hope that answered your question yeah okay well our next mission comes in from Douglas Martin our water sanitary facilities roads and other infrastructure linked between countries in Africa or wholly contained separately within each country that’s a good question it depends on the the service

We’re talking about so there in terms of major roads there are there are you know some major roads that across international boundaries water is another resources resource rather that um that can flow between between countries is more common for electricity to flow so I know one of the complaints

That people have in Nigeria is that you know there’s not enough power for the country and yet the government sells energy to its neighbors and and makes money off of selling electricity to its a neighboring governments and yet can’t supply enough energy to to the people in

The country same thing is in in East Africa with Uganda they’re there they’re part of a regional power sharing power sharing system so around some infrastructure there is cooperation roads and electricity being main ones but others like water particularly water for drinking or household use and sanitation or are localized and they can

Be localized within within cities and and at the ultimate level like what I saw in Nigeria localized to a household you know because there’s no you know most households don’t have access to piped water people are just digging bore holes deep deep wells using motorized pumps to suck water out of the ground

And so you have a country a city in Lagos of 10 million people and only five million have access to the pipe water so the other five million are are using groundwater and you know that’s not sustainable at all all right well I think that will be our last question for

The day thank you so much charisma and if anybody has any other questions they would like to follow up on your your email is a seedot one correct yes a Cey dot one at osu edu alright well thank you so much for the presentation today

And for those of you who are still in attendance i’m going to go through a few reminders i’m logging your CM credits in just a moment Thank You charisma thank you very much Brady and thank you everyone i enjoyed it today alright well for those of you who are

Still with us today I’m going to go through a few reminders first off to log your cm credits for attending today’s webcast please go to ww planing org slash cm select today’s date which is Friday March second and then select today’s webcast which is community development in a global context gender

Aware planning and African cities this webcast is available for one and a half cm credits and we are also recording today’s sessions so you will be able to find a recording of this webcast along with a six slide per page PDF or just a PDF of the PowerPoint at ww Utah AP org

Slash webcast archive and this does conclude today’s session I want to thank everyone again for attending you you you

ID: hVLIC8k9diY
Time: 1343160244
Date: 2012-07-25 00:34:04
Duration: 01:28:32

منبع