Title:تاریخچه و تئوری برنامه ریزی مجموعه مروری امتحانات AICP

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قسمتي از متن فيلم: It’s between the topics and i may have to do one or more unscheduled breaks i just don’t know i had a medical procedure not too long ago and if i have to take a bathroom break i’m going to have to just excuse myself i’ll be back very quickly it will continue but

I’ll try to do it with just the the ones schedule break i want to welcome you all to this aicp exam review we’re going to cover two topics planning history and planning theory and i made available and if you downloaded and have copies of the two workbooks

It’ll make it a little bit easier to follow my comments and will save you some time and effort maybe in making taking notes let’s begin with the first of the topics which is the history of american city planning and for this you can take and use workbook number one

City planning in the united states developed as a result of growth relating to several organization forces this growth initially occurred mostly in the cities but in recent years over the last several decades it’s included rural areas a couple names that i think you should be familiar with that

Have addressed some of these changes are jane jacobs and lewis mumford when we talk about planning in the united states there are three levels of planning the first is the nation state and here it is primarily policies programs and projects there’s some exceptions where you actually have a plan but very few exceptions

These policies programs projects they usually relate to functional planning areas such as housing transportation healthcare or education the second level of planning activities is at the region and we lack the political structure for regional planning what we do is have a workaround it’s called planning councils

And they go by different names here in north carolina they’re called councils of government or cogs i believe in virginia it’s a planning district commission it varies state maybe state to state but these planning councils all serve the same purpose the third level of planning activities is the with the city and county

In which we call referred to as local jurisdictions and most planning in the united states takes place at this level now it’s interesting that although most planning takes place at the city and county level in cities counties they have to go to the state to get the authority and the power

To do planning i’ll talk a little bit more about this later and about the planning councils my attempt is to provide a better understanding about planning in the usa today we’ll take a look at how american cities and planning have developed over the last little over 200 years from the colonial period

To the present i’m going to divide my comments into three parts the first part will focus on urbanization the forces and trends relating to organization the second part we’ll take a look at some specific planning activities you can call it a snapshot over time there’ll be several milestones of

What happened we’ll look at the date in terms of the historical perspective and to the extent possible i’ll try to share with you why i think it’s important to know this information the meaning significance may be linkages that might exist and we’ll finish up with the third part with some organizational highlights

Relating to our professional organization there are four forces relating to urbanization one is population growth second is increase agricultural productivity a third increase factory production in the fourth low-cost transportation let’s take a look at each one of these very briefly first of all population growth has three components

Communities can grow by natural increase where births are greater than deaths they can grow by immigration where you have people coming from outside the country into the country and they can grow through migration where people move around regionally within a country if we take a look at the

Population growth here in the united states over the last couple hundred years that first hundred years as a country that was very significant population growth the population increased about 14 times the next hundred years from 1900 to 2000 significant not as much increased about four times

And the projection is is we’re on that same glide path now and by 2050 is going to double most of this growth over the last several decades has been in the south and the west in 1920 the united states became more urban than rural in terms of population and

This contrast between urban and rural you see in even a variety of concepts such as the new urbanest concept of the urban rural continuum mechanization provided allowed for increased agricultural productivity there was a diminished need for people to to remain on the farms in the factory sector mechanization also contributed to mass production

The mass production required mass labor these people needed a place to live housing here in the united states we’ve been blessed with abundant low-cost transportation numerous ocean ports and inland port facilities also places like st louis minneapolis st paul duluth one of the biggest is chicago when you take them you put

All of these forces together they helped to explain the growth of cities here in the united states over the last 200 years now let’s take a look at some of the trends we’ll look at three groupings 19th century 20th century and the 21st century during the 1800s significant higher population densities is occurring

In most of the cities but by the end of the 1800s we have the beginning of decentralization there were two catalysts for this it started with a streetcar and then the automobile took over this decentralization trend continued into the 20th century it resulted in the phenomenon of suburbanization right you know

That something is important when it hits the comments now i just wanted to share with you two suburbanization comics from peanuts where snoopy’s ears perk up he says it’s gone the daisy hill puppy farm is gone they built a six-story parking garage i can’t stand it you stupid people you’re parking online memories

And not just one but there was a sequel somebody’s lying down says how could they do it how could they tear down the place where i was born and build a six-story parking garage he sits up wait a minute maybe that wasn’t a six-story parking garage

Maybe it was a huge monument or erected to mark the place of my birth there’s a woodstock that can name the bird fumble something snoopy lays down yeah you’re right it was a six-story parking garage the census bureau they knew the importance of suburban recognize the importance of suburbanization

And they developed a new term the acronym started out as smsa standard metropolitan statistical area it was later shortened to sma standard metropolitan area and today we refer to it as nsa near metropolis and statistical area for the most part these are your entitlement jurisdictions

Now let’s see if we can capture a little bit the dynamics of what is happening here in the early 20th century we’ve got the increased agricultural productivity people are moving from rural areas to the cities we get a job in the factories they have a rise in real income we have population growth

The baby boom of the 1940s what are people doing with their disposable income they buy a car and they move to the suburbs where they purchase a house in the 1930s we have beginning of the 1930s the federal government became actively involved in several programs providing electricity to rural areas

The various housing acts in the interstate highway system i’ll talk about these three areas in a little bit more detail in just a few minutes toward the end of the 20th century we also see the growth in some non-metropolitan areas i guess i picked five communities here to to illustrate this point

Smyrna tennessee spring hill tennessee vance alabama georgetown kentucky in spartanburg county south carolina all five of these communities they’re very rural they were on an interstate uh in a junction of two or more interstates and they experienced the same thing that transformed their character and that was establishment of an automobile manufacturing plant

The nissan plant went into smyrna saturn and spring hill mercedes benz and vance toyota and georgetown and bmw and spartanburg county nancy alabama prior to this for example it was so small it didn’t even have a hardy’s restaurant now we see the same thing happening on a smaller scale

With some of the the computer industry and here in north carolina a very small community of lenoir in the western part of the state became home to a google there’s a data center the last of the 20th century trends is the ex-cities and i’ll talk a little bit more about this

In a few minutes also but it’s a shift in office and retail activities and the jobs that go along with it so when you take a look at every all everything that’s happening here in the 20th century the cumulative impact is that the cities in the northeast

Are in the for much of the century where decline and decay in the south east we have theme parks like in atlanta and orlando we have suburban sprawl in the southwest the west coast in the northeast from all of america’s up in the minneapolis-st paul area near everything connected by a

۱۲۴۷ lane highway complete with beltways and this according to tolls is the land that we loved change what can we say about the 21st century certainly an important concept is the megapolitan areas the msa or metropolitan statistical areas continue to evolve to include have two or more msas that have economic interdependence

And overlapping commuting patterns this all started in the 1960s in texas with balance in fort worth in the 1980s by 2000 oklahoma city was added to the dallas fort worth area richmond to the d.c baltimore area that is happening across the entire united states west southwest northeast midwest southeast by 2050

The forecast is is that there will be 20 megapolitan areas in the united states now what are the impacts associated with this type of growth in 2005 about 6 out of 10 people lived in the megapolitan areas albeit the areas represented only about 1 10th of our land area by 2040

The forecast is that this will increase to about two out of three people and that these areas will account for about 70 percent of the gross domestic product and in terms of high-speed rail these are going to be our primary transportation orders so in a planning context

The mega public many of the older cities are again growing the suburbs political areas that are likely to become major playing focal points over the next several decades another term that is associated with a trend is that of the creative class richard florida he coined this term when he

Published his book the rise of their creative class in 2002 in this book florida is talking about economic and cultural changes that are taking place today the creative class uh presently comprise about 30 of our workforce includes professionals artists of all types planners people like you and i they reflect the changing structure

Of our workforce and of society and it’s a significant change in terms of the structure of the workforce back in the 1900s about 50 percent were self-employed most working on the farm this had dropped to about seven to ten percent in the 1950s and 60s

In just a few more years it’s going to probably equal or exceed 50 no longer working on the farm but a variety of part-time employment and self-employment along with this are problems such as the widening wage gap which is related to the service sector the new paradigm is that the creative class

Are going to be the ones to drive employment location decisions this used to be the prerogative of corporate ceos now they’re giving up to the creative class because the creative class has certain quality of life benchmarks that have been very important to them and this includes physical beauty the ability to socially interact

And diversity the creative class is already having all in school if richard florida is correct and i think he is we’re at the beginning of an economic revolution and if the creative class ever coalesces it will become the cultural revolution also it’s probably going to take about two to

Three decades though for this transformation to take place the centerpieces are three things knowledge creativity and talent space they’ll drive innovation and be the determining factors of which cities continue in the future to be both relevant and vital so if we take a look over the last 200 years the

Four forces of their work these four forces have significant and rural america we have economic technological and social routes they’re very complex and difficult to explain hard to predict and you can’t really control it the best you can tell a story it would begin once upon a time most things of importance

Happened at the center this is where people lived where they worked shopped and where they played the changes began to take place for example in 1934 the federal housing act made it easier to buy homes this set off the suburban housing booth in 1935 we have the rural electrification administration

This extended electricity to rural areas provided a comfort equalization in 1956 we have the interstate highway system this allows sprawl to go spread evil the results are that fewer americans lived work shopped or played at the centers and this is again changing now and today most of the lines still converge to the

Centers but they’re very different centers when compared to the 1930s 50s 70s or 90s even these forces are going to continue to significantly transform both urban and rural america over the next several decades and it’s described by richard florida in another of his books as the great lisa okay of you in

Two constitutional amendments and then planning in the 1980s in the 1900s is planning a dominant force in american society no not today in fact some of the appointed officials have more power and authority than due plans in everything that you all do it’s faced with politics the development of planning as a

Profession that grew out of those four forces it started with the city beautiful movement when we look at antecedents to planning in colonial america planning was a dominant force and those who held the charter had a great deal of power but this really all changed when we became a country and adopted the

Constitution most of the colonial cities have some form of a grid system through parallel and perpendicular streets and also contributed to are a value linkage is land a commodity or is it a resource it’s a very strong value like each more that is that it is a commodity

There has also been a linkage to a political fear of a landed aristocracy here in the united states if you don’t see it today in terms of landed aristocracy but it’s evolved into is really the private property rights bias in 1785 congress enacted the ordinance that applied to the land area west of

The appalachianization there were two constitutional amendments that i want to highlight i’m going to assume to make a couple brief comments the first amendment is the fifth amendment what is a resource because of the fifth amendment the fifth amendment gives bias to the fact that it is a commodity

The second amendment or the second constitutional amendment is the tenth and the 10th amendment says that powers are reserved to the states that are specified in the constitution this makes cities counties creatures of the state and this nexus was developed by a jurist his name was dylan

In 1812 between the popular among power those are the power and authority created a variety of problem or decision mun versus illinois attempted to regulate grain elevators one said this was unconstitutional challenged it in court and went to the supreme court decided in favor of familiar with

That affirms what we call today the public interest concept everything that planners do revolves almost everything revolves around the public interest in 1893 the city of chicago land city scale exposition it included streets public buildings and spaces and municipal art like michigan and his olmstead’s son most prominent architects to design the buildings

They were very elegant with grapeville enrollment huge 32 acres of floor area according to my calculations you could fit about 23 and a half football fields to include the end zones in this building now the previous world’s fair was in paris if their organizers wanted something in revival they had a full tower

And they decided on this knight you know but it was unlike anything ever built in terms of scale or results in the united states to forge the component parts the size of a small filming problem and the location of the wheel wasn’t what the fair organizers call the midway

Now there were naysayers and said that this wasn’t going to work or if it did it was going to blow over the first strong windstorm well just before the fair opened there was a very strong wind storm and chicago was called windy city winds were gusting over 60 miles an hour

George ferris got his wife and a reporter they got in one of the cabins signaled the operator to make it go around which it did when it stopped and they got out the reporter says something to the effect that george ferris had faith in his invention mrs farris have faith in her husband

With the neighbor going around and the winds were going now the columbia exposition was more than a planned city scale exposition all the buildings were painted a single color as part of the fair’s opening school incandescent lights the name i think you should be familiar with is ebenezer heller

He was not an american in english place surrounded by garden cities and that arts it came to an eye in the 1920s in in new jersey we had the use of super blocks which was part of the hollywood’s concept in the 1930s greenbelt maryland was a tail fourth of japanese or college

Real family homes and multi-family homes in this period and it was resurrected though by your neo-traditional town planners which today are your new urbanist planners to in terms of how these neighborhood unit units would work communities there there’s several here in the united states several of these are you should be

Familiar i think i’ll mention this little not all but most of these communities were the mitchell energy corporation they were the developer ian mccarth was the designer in the hud 701 program provided much of the funding for that the three communities below the dashed line there are examples of things that you

See today yellow webs sun cities there are several of them two new urbanist communities seaside florida and celebration in florida celebration being the developer there was the disney corporation when we take a look at the early milestones an important one is 1907 with the city of hartford connecticut established a planning commission

This was the beginning of our citizen planner tradition here in the united states very strong tradition and it’s interesting that the city of hartford couldn’t just do this they had to go back to the state because of the 10th amendment and get receive authority to establish this commission

A couple years later in 1909 daniel vernon completed the plan for chicago many planning historians say that this is the birth of planning the boston where the city placed height restrictions the buildings could not be higher than the ability of fire apparatus to put out a fire i went to the supreme court

Decided in favor of this city in 1916 new york adopted the first zoning ordinance they were doing the same thing out in the west coast and los angeles but new york was the first to adopt the ordinance a lot of cities got on the bandwagon afterward to include the village of

Euclid in ohio they passed a zoning ordinance challenged by ambler realty and in 1926 decided in favor of the village of euclid and this court case is the beginning of several which have made zoning a major implementation tool for planners in 1920 is the the last of the court cases i’m

Going to mention is the town of windsor and connecticut versus whitney in which the town said that to the toll developers if they wanted to have subdivision approval they had to design streets to certain minimal specifications and dedicate the right-of-way to the town challenging court court went to the

Supreme court decided in favor of the town now i think it’s interesting when you take and go back to 1877 with one versus illinois up until this court case so there’s a very strong legal tradition here being developed in 1922 under the hoover administration we have the federal government to

Developing this ironic we’ve done backwards but that’s the way it happened um again because of the tailpiece enabling acts to help the state transfer power down to the city county level in 1925 we have the first comprehensive plan here in the united states this is the city of cincinnati

Involved planning for the entire city including goals policies and capital improvement projects had a very distinct planning process developed by the city manager and it even had the some aspects of strategic planning identified what would be done the cost when how you were provided for bond financing

Now i’ll name this stands out to when you take a look at the village of euclid and the cincinnati plan is alfred pepper he was alert an early land use attorney and i think you should be familiar with that name in the 1930s the federal government became actively involved in planning activities

In 1933 we have the tva tennessee valley authority this was the first large-scale regional planning in the united states it was a federally funded program and it included the establishment of the rural electrification administration and that’s what extended the electricity to rural areas now to try to identify just how significant this is

And i think most of us can identify and remember maybe when directv or the internet was provided to rural areas and what an impact it had in 1934 we have the first of several housing acts this was the beginning of the federal government participation in the housing

And it minimized the risk that banks had in making home mortgage loans parents in a housing program but it was extremely impacted with the urban renewal program today the federal government is of all nipples including the section 8 hope and home programs in 1956 congress passed past the national highway defense act

This provided for our interstate highway system the concept started in the 1930s but it was in 1956 during the eisenhower administration when the work started and most of the work was completed in the 60s and 70s huge project over 40 000 miles a month i think it’s the largest single

Construction project in our history and certainly it’s a major force in shaping land use patterns between geographical regions and even within cities in 1969 congress passed the national environmental policy act the acronym is nepa now if we go back just 60 years ago the concept of environmental planning was not formalized

There are three catalysts involved in environmental planning rachel carson wrote the book silent spring very commoner wrote the book the closing circle the anime mccarth built the book designed with nature rachel carson was she worked for the federal government she was what you would call today whistleblower

She identified how ddt entered the food chain and the consequences she’s a very gutsy lady she lost her job by publishing this book barry commoner he identified several practices relating to environmental degradation he also advocated to decision-making based on ecological principles this is a sad lifetime i believe he also

Ran for president of the united states but didn’t go very far with that ian mcclark nobody has trained more environmental planners i don’t believe in the car in designing with nature he describes how to accomplish environmental planning initially he did it with the overlay technique um involving photography

And today is done with gis nepa created the environmental protection agency epa which deals with all the administrative and regulatory aspects of the act and the council on environmental quality which is an advisory board to the president it also provided for three administrative procedures your eia environmental impact assessment

You had to do that if you had a finding of no significant interest for fonzie you could go on it if you didn’t have a fonzie you had to do an environmental impact statement now nepa applies to only federally funded projects however i believe that all 50 states now have

The equivalent of the nepa and they’re called leaving equals some of the other environmental legislation that you need to be familiar with a little bit i think would be the clean air act and its amendments to include iced tea dealing with air pollution particularly in non-entertainment areas your clean water act amendments

And amendments dealing with water pollution and wetlands i found that a good source that gives a nice overview of the clean air act amendments and the clean water act amendments is wikipedia in 1974 congress passed the housing community development act this replaced the older urban renewal program

And established what we call today the community development block grant program cdbgs with a focus on housing and economic development and your primary benefactors here are your entitlement jurisdictions or your msas now let’s finish up here with what some have called the quiet revolution of the 1980s in the 1990s

It involves legal and ethical issues and rights and design principles it’s associated with mandated planning the stewardship concept in things like scale form and functionality relationships goes by different names in the 1960s they called it growth management in the 1990s they called it smart growth today it appears to be evolving into the

Sustainable development movement the pace of this development though is so no matter what you call it it says if there’s a need for coordinated planning for land use controls and for design principles this includes even planning on the regional level and the recognition for this goes back to what’s called the

Inter-governmental cooperation act of 1968. the short version was the a 95 review act and congress passed this during the development of the interstate highway systems to promote regional planning and cooperation related to highway construction it was this act that created the concept of planning councils your councils of government your county

District commissions whatever they’re called in different states and membership here though is voluntary in 1973 oregon was the first state to mandate comprehensive planning and land use controls for all oregon cities and counties since then i’ll be very candid with you here i haven’t updated this drawing

A lot of other states now have some type of mandatory requirements the pacific center states have in oregon california hawaii florida new jersey and vermont i’m going to select one because it really works quite well to give an overview of how this is developed over time and that’s the florida experience

Now i’m going to go over and i really don’t know to what extent this would be included in the aicp exam but i think it will be how florida specific will be i don’t know but it certainly will illustrate this choir revolution development in 1972 state legislature passed the florida

State comprehensive planning act said the state had an interest in both state and local comprehensive planning and directed the florida department of administration to prepare a state comprehensive plan very unusual which the later it all rejected which is not unusual three years later in 1975 the legislature passed the local government

Comprehensive planning act in land use controls required that all local governments attack comprehensive plans and if development had to conform to these plans four years later 1979 the system of planning landings was that florida needed a better system of integrated state regional and local planning for growth management

Three years later the legislature did their own study past the environmental where put together the environmental land management study and came up with the exact same conclusions almost in 1984 the legislature passed the state and regional planning act again called for the development of a state

You don’t even hear much of any more it’s called policy plans we submit everything to the legislature for approval a year later the legislature passed the local government comprehensive plan and land development act and it required local governments to amend their existing plans to ensure consistency with the state and regional plans

You require the local plans be certified and directed the certifying agency to provide rules and identify minimum criteria for approving local plans we required local governments to not only do the plan but to enact the necessary implementing ordinances now up until last year i could say wow we’ve really come a long

Ways in the last hundred years but last year this state of the state legislature passed it is for economic development reasons so who knows where this is going from here now let’s shift a little bit and talk about some emerging designing principles relating to form base coats this began as an antidote to

Conventional use-based sony the name i think you should be familiar with is christopher alexander he wrote a book called the pattern language in 1977 and identified several design principles relating to tales buildings and construction another name i think you should be familiar with is andres duane and his wife elizabeth platter zeiber

They initiated the most recent wave of form-based coats when they developed seaside florida the congress for the new urbanism expanded this focus to include visual harmony continuous urban frontage what they call contact sensitivity or spatial relationships the result is what we call that is the smart code which is a subset

That was the first city to adopt a form-based smart code and they did this in 2003 now the third and final part of this topic is some organizational highlights relating to our professional organization the american planning association got to remember that planning developed out of the city beautiful movement in 1909

We have the first national conference involving planners and we talked about city planning about congestion relief held in washington dc and they were just small number 43 people went around the table and talked about things in 1917 the establishment of the american city planning institute and the first president was frederick law olmsted

Jr in 1934 we have the establishment of the american society of planning officials this is asphalt so we have the first president here was alfred benton who’s that land use attorney to talk to you about so we have two parallel organizations in 1939 the american city planning institute changed its name

To the american institute of planners vip 20 years later in 1959 the american collegiate schools of planning started as an informal organization within aip in 1978 aip and asphalt they merged and became the american planning association and in 1980 acsp spun out and became the american collegiate schools of planning so in summary

We’ve we’ve looked at some of the historical overview and epa organizational highlights not a lot of good reference material available to you one of them that is very good it doesn’t get into much detail it’s a listing developed by albert guttenberg called pathways in american planning history it’s not a

Book it’s just a list and it’s hard to come by apa used to have this on their website i think they still do but it’s very hard to find if you do a google search you can probably come up with this list though and it goes to about i think the year 2000

Two books that deal with planet history one is titled kooky berg the introduction of planet history and mel scott’s american city plan the format here doesn’t lend itself really for questions and comments so i’m going to defer those and this will be a good time i think to take a break it’s almost

۱۰ ۱۵٫ how about if we come back at 10 25 and we’ll start again see you there 10 25. okay you you from okay all right folks let’s go ahead and continue with this review session we’ll move into the second topic which is planning theory and for this

If you have it you can use workbook number two when you talk about theory you’re talking about meaning and significance in terms of planning practice it’s about how various pieces fit together and how things work planning decision making that takes place in our communities as linkages to personal or individual as well as

Community values and to planning theories for most people when you look at planning theory it’s not something you do because you want to or you like it it’s like having a root canal you do it because you need to it’s important my purpose is to highlight planning theory

And i’m going to try to do this as it relates to practice we’ll take a look at the meaning of theory a way to categorize theories six major planing theories several minor planing theories and we’ll finish up here with an evaluation of what these comments might mean let’s begin with the meaning of

Theory theory represents our worldview how we think pieces fit together how we think things work practice tests the validity of a theory in with practice that theory may or may not proved to be valid at one time there was a flat earth theory that you’d go to a certain point fall off until

Somebody sailed around the world came back to where they started they proved that that theory was not valid there are two steps to our discussion of theory the first step involves what we call substantial theory this deals with relationships to those worldviews how things work and i’m going to use the gravity model

As an example transportation planners use this to predict travel patterns and there are three variables income average household size and number of cars you plug this information into the computer and you can get information about the number of potential trips in other words how things work

Most of these trips are between home and work second home and shopping home and school full of personal business home social home recreation in these other in-between type trips once you know the number of trips you can then procedurally apply this substantia theory to real world conditions for example

You can assign the trips to specific roads or streets you can do a volume and capacity analysis to determine if it’s necessary to upgrade that road for that street so these are the two steps procedural substantial theory and procedural theory and most of what planners do involves procedural theory

But you need to know also that substantial theory it actually grew out of the academic side of planning in the 50s and 60s and you don’t want to take them separated because they really flip sides of the same point i found it helpful sometimes to categorize different theories some planning theories are holistic

And some are pluralistic your holistic theories deal with the whole usually the entire jurisdiction or in some cases all functions are all of a function it may even include areas like the extra territorial jurisdiction or boundary of justice and it can be limited to just a single

Function but if it is it’s the entire function in contrast the pluralistic category deals with the parts pieces neighborhoods small areas just a few are limited functions no matter what theory we’re talking about and maybe it’s that theory might be holistic it might be pluralistic in some cases it could be both

Let’s take a look at some of the major planning theories and i’m going to go over six of them comprehensive incremental transactive advocacy radical and strict teaching now before we get into each one of these separate theories all of them i think share a common operational framework and this relates

Both in the community and personal level on how we integrate our values our needs wants and desires how we make choices in our feelings about these choices and let me graphically show something here that to help me better explain this integration i’m going to start off here on the personal level

In terms of values we all have things that we like things that we dislike beliefs hopes prejudice fears dreams they create our needs our wants and our desires we can’t have everything that we want or need or desire we have to make choices that’s really

Where the theory comes in is how we make these choices we come up with a course of action and if it’s a good choice we feel good it enhances our quality of life theories it’s a bad choice you know it diminishes our quality of life feelings the first of the theories uh in

Before we get into the the planning context we’ll look at it on the personal level it’s called rational comprehensive or synoptic planning theory these three terms rational comprehensive and synaptic are synonymous the term we most generally use is planning and it relates to the rational problem-solving process you identify the problem clarify the

Issues look for alternatives select among those alternatives feel either good or not so good in terms of quality of life feelings the first formalized application of this type of process was done in 1925 with the cincinnati plan and let’s now put this theory in a planning context now the comprehensive planning process model

Deals with the entire geographic area it’s usually long term greater than 10 years it has all or most functions and this is the dominant planning theory here in the united states it’s a whole listing in terms of category the proponents for this and i think you should be here are edward banfield

And alan alt shore they developed this theory in the 1950s and 60s and what we’re looking at here on the screen is the substantial side of this theory the comprehensive planning process model it consists of six steps recognition of need direction setting research plan formulation plan implementation and monitor review and revise

This will change you know in terms of descriptions by different people but they’re pretty much the same now when we get into each one of these steps then we move into the procedural part of the theory for example recognition of need there’s generally two ways that we identify what the

Problems are needs right now one is through retail meeting and the other would be a public opinion survey for direction setting there are generally two ways that we obtain that information one is do some visioning or the older way was to develop goals objectives and policies the third step is research where we

Develop an understanding of place i call this homework time and here what we’re doing is we’re inventorying we’re analyzing different methods and techniques some of the things that other presenters have talked to you about you take this information and it all feeds into the plan your next step is the plan formulation

Where you synthesize or integrate everything from the first three steps this results in a tangible document and it’s what you call the end now the problem is is that the end by itself isn’t enough you need to connect the means it’s like having an electric lamp

By itself it does you no good until you plug it in and the electricity is the means to make it work the next step is your plan implementation it involves a variety of land use and fiscal controls it requires money in politics and the last step is monitor review and revise

Which is done every now and every two to five years now there are many several criticisms of the comprehensive planning process and they’re all valid uh you can sum them up and this process or theory is too far away in time and commitment specifically there’s an insufficient focus on community needs now

Also it’s difficult to accurately forecast future needs and requirements our crystal balls aren’t always that good it does not adapt well to the realities of the political process greater than ten years you know the election cycle for most elected officials is two to four years it’s also hard for people to easily

Identify with this process it’s abstract in terms of the planning context hands and means those are difficult words for people to identify with and lastly it’s very plain oriented versus action oriented the second major theory is incremental planning and the proponent is charles ninwa he developed this theory in the late 1950s

I like to use the cartoon character ziggy planning never for decision-making so if you would say that’s impossible at best you can do it on a fragmented basis that’s the norm and that’s where the term incrementalism comes from we do things a little bit every time the value differences appears that we

Muddle through kind of a neat term and we do this on a trial and error basis trying to establish consensus one step at a time that’s the second major theory transactive planning this theory in the 1980s here we’re dealing with more than just the thought process we’re dealing also with self is

Yeah almost as important as the end product there’s an emphasis here on involving citizens as civic leaders versus just leading into planners and involving people it’s important that they feel good about their participation because this will increase ownership in the end product it’ll make it theoretically easier to implement others

Here and there are the two that come to my mind one is called a future search which most people are not familiar with and the other is charrettes i’m going to pick the one that most are not familiar with future search to further develop this construct concept for theory and to illustrate it

Not that i’m trying to sell it but it just for me i think it’s easier to understand what transactive planning theory is all about a future search is like a four-room apartment journey where we’d like to be is the contentment room we don’t spend a lot of time here

We do spend a lot of time in the denial room sometimes with blinders on saying things like if it broke don’t try to fix it until there’s a crisis and we’re forced to enter the third room which is confusion and there we look at alternatives we recycle what we think is the best

We go into the renewal room this four-room apartment journey is very closely related to strategic planning which i’ll talk about later it has also been adapted in the northeast united states in particular to comprehensive planning with a future search you need to have a large number of people the minimum is 25.

It’s best to have 64. the time it requires three days they don’t have to be consecutive it helps to have them that way compared to about 18 months to develop a comprehensive plan i found this is a very powerful tool but it’s in the the reality is is that

It’s hard to get 25 people together for three days it’s one of the reasons you don’t see a whole lot of this in the public sector but you do see a lot of it in the private sector let me just briefly explain a little bit more of the details associated with a

Future search and what makes this experience transactive three days day one you take a look at the past and you end day one preparing a large mindmap of trends when you look at this money map a few juicy adjectives probably stand out it’s messy it’s complex and it can be depressing

And that’s true in day two participants look at their crowds and their stories and also their ideal futures on day three is a reality check they identify common ground things with which they can engage in action planning what makes this a transactive experience is the emotional rollercoaster ride the participants go through

They experience the low point of despair the high point of hope in the reality dialogue for action there are not many other processes that provide this range emotional experiences the fourth major theory is advocacy planning you know paul david duff developed this in the 1960s you may recall it’s even at the national

Planning conference there is a paul david doth award given out every year to a planner or a jurisdiction advocacy planning is an outgrowth of the 1960s it involves activism but within the system here you have champions for specific causes or groups they want community action and for them

Neutrality and objectivity do not apply in fact there’s quite often an adversary role that exists there’s a lack of unity or purpose usually and there is not really a broad support base so this is very pluralistic in terms of categorization and it’s most successful in blocking versus creating courses of action

A couple examples one would be the abortion issue no matter how you feel personally it’s one side or the other there’s not much in between but we even see the same thing in terms of the debate with the health care issue today on television the fifth planning theory is radical planning

This also is activism within the system but here we’re doing some major surgery but we’re trying not to kill the patient in the process it usually requires collective action to do radical planning and typically central governmental control there are several examples around the world where this has happened or is happening

You can look at eastern europe russia china the middle east even here in the united states we had radical planning during the roosevelt new deal the sixth and final major planning theory is strategic planning the proponents here are martin meyerson and ira robinson they developed this theory in the 1950s

And they called it the middle range bridge the initial models were developed and borrowed from the private or business sector in the 1980s many jurisdictions use strategic plans to implement portions of their comprehensive plans compared to comprehensive planning strategic planning is short term four to six years limited in scope

Just a few issues or functions very limited in terms of jurisdiction the geographic area and what makes it unique is two things that are built in this part of the process one is visioning and comprehensive planning is actually borrow this from strategic planning it to its process the other which is unique is

Strategic planning will have a work program that provides and ends and means connection comprehensive planning most of your a lot of your other plans planning theories do not have this like comprehensive planning it has a very defined process let’s take a look at that process again it’s limited scope

In terms of geographic area time period less than ten years four to six and the scope of work activities is limited it’s pluralistic you start out with a response structure small group typically less than 30. you do an environmental stage and you look at conditions and try to identify trends

Internally and external to the community then you select key issues this is your scope of work what you’re going to focus on for those key issues you develop a vision value statement which will identify where you’d like to be at some future time your analysis identifies blocks and obstacles to realizing that vision

And develop strategies that’ll help to overcome the blocks and obstacles and again this is where we’re getting into the unique part you do your fiscal resource coordination you’re only going to do those things where you make a commitment to do it financially and the next step you develop an action plan

And work program in this again unique this is your end and means connection you have a commitment both with financial resources and what you’re going to do and how you’re going to do it and the last step is to monitor review and revise and they sometimes refer to this as tracking now

Let’s take and compare comprehensive versus strategic planning there are some procedural differences here and there are also some similarities and the framework though is is similar you know this should come up in this comparison starting out here with the comprehensive planning process model recognition of need you scan the environment and select key

Issues very simple direction setting is similar to division develop a vision value statement planned formulation similar to conduct an analysis exchange by researchers conduct analysis plan formulation develop strategies and also your action plan plan implementation your work program your review monetary and revise are the same so here we have two very different

Theories we share a similar framework is the procedural differences that make them unique or stand out now in summary what can we say about these major planning theories well comprehensive planning is always holistic strategic planning is always pluralistic the others are something in between most being pluralistic most of your comprehensive planning is

Physical the others can be a variety of different things comprehensive planning is always long-term strategic planning and most of the others are short-term the only one that has a very definite and means connection is strategic planning although advocacy planning will often help that too and it’s easy to do with incremental planning

Three have a defining process comprehensive planning transactive planning and strategic planning three of them are very systematic comprehensive transactive and strategic although comprehensive is very broad strategic is very limited and transacted yeah you have a special emphasis on process now let’s try to pull these together here in a little different way

We want to do some planning and i’ll give you a couple possibilities if we want to systematically manage change over the long range time period would be functionally and geographically complete we’re going to do comprehensive planning sometimes called rational planning and if we want to take an added environmental bias to this

It would be ecological if it’s limited in scope just to transportation just to housing but otherwise complete it’s functional if it’s limited geographically maybe to a neighborhood small area if you’re going to do it systematically over the short range or mid-range time period functionally and geographically incomplete it’s strategic

If it’s very narrow in scope typically relating to fixing existing problems doing a little bit at a time it’s going to be incremental if you’re going to focus on the short range limited objectives it may be adversarial advocacy planner if you want to make people feel good about the process

And have broad-based participation transactive in the example that i gave you was a future search and when it becomes necessary to embark on drastic change radically can you take a look at it hey it’s difficult there’s a lot of ways to do cleaning now to finish up with this here i just

Want to do one comparison uh using different planning model variables and over the short term we can do projects over the midterm small areas strategic planning the future search the long term your functional or comprehensive plan in terms of functions the only ones that deal with all functions issues geographical extent

Are comprehensive and functional planning all the others fall short in terms of a risk level if we’re going to take the short view if we want greater predictability and lesser uncertainty we’re going to do project work if you’re going to take the long view and you can live with greater uncertainty

And lesser predictability you can do comprehensive or functional planning if you want to get that sweet spot in the tennis bracket do the what if scenarios strategic future search or small area it’s complicated now let’s take a look at some minor planning theories these aren’t as complicated

Your minor planning theories are what i would call other world views relating to human settlement patterns i’m going to go over three early theories the concentric zone theory the sector theory and the multiple eye theory a couple of recent theories the edge city and the peripheral city and several uh ecological planning was

Talked a little about in several potpourri theories involving centralized town planning new urbanism city form urban morphology and what they call the life cycle model of land-use change in the 1920s ernest burgess developed the concentric zone theory call this the bull’s-eye theory in the center you have the central business district

Surrounded by uniform development of wholesale and light manufacturing world-class residential medium-class residential high-class residential and a commuter zone this type of theory was would be most common in the 1800s and the mode of transportation was horses buggies in the 1930s homer hoyt developed the sector theory we still have the cbd but

Some of the wholesale and light manufacturing and residential areas now have these wedges or sectors and this is really a reflection of initially the streetcar and later the automobile in the 30s 1930s and 40s artie mckenzie chauncey harris and edward ullman developed a multiple nuclei theory while we still have the cbd and

Wholesale low medium and high class residential but much different we’ve added some heavy manufacturing outline manufacturing a residential suburb and an industrial suburb this reflects the changes that resulted from cities adopting zoning and suburbanization took place in the 1900s another couple of the recent theories the first is joel guru’s edge city

The jewel guru wasn’t a planner he was a journalist for the washington post took off time to research and write the book booking city that city is equal to or greater than 5 million square feet of leased office space and or 600 000 square feet of least retail space hard to

Imagine this but if you can think of a very large four-story office building in your mind and then put 68 of those together with some open space you’ve got a new city red city occurs mostly near urbanized areas in particular along an interstate highway and at interstate highway junctions they’re nothing like

Cities of 30 to 50 years ago very different they have more jobs than they have bedrooms this is where people go to work it’s not really where they live yet we perceive in this city is one place if the boundaries are difficult to describe they’re tied together by roads and airports

Versus trains and subways they consist mostly of large office buildings in retail complexes rather than skyscrapers they’re centered around service office and retail jobs versus manufacturing for the most part they have an information age focus with satellite dishes faxes in the internet and they cross political boundaries now

I’m sure most of you have in that city in your state or maybe near you an example here in north carolina is research triangle park in 1997 john c harris developed the peripheral model in which we then have the central city surrounded by suburban residential areas circumferential highway radio highway

Shopping mall industrial district office park service center maybe an airport and a combined employment shopping center now let’s briefly discuss ecological planning theory this is a minor planning theory uh but i think it merits a little bit of our our discussion time we live on a marvelous planet but it came without operating

Instructions so from the local to the global we’ve made things up as we go along and the proponents of ecological planning say hey we need to focus on this system we need to view nature as interacting processes there are several system components like eight of them and we used natural laws to discover

You know what’s happening within each of these components so that’s where for ecological planners the public interest concept would come in for the physical components you’ve got climate geology physiography hydrology soils vegetation and wildlife there’s just one cultural and that’s legends so these natural laws relate to processes

We understand the processes we do a suitability analysis and we make our decisions it’s a very technical procedure it cross and interdisciplinary work it’s very complicated in fact many of your planning curriculum they don’t include applied ecological theory it’s also very expensive both in the short term in the long term

But the ecological planners would argue that it’s also very important and let’s go into it in a little bit more detail in terms of our own understanding when you talk about ecological planning theory most planning involves applications that involve relates to spatial arrangements in landscape patterns when we make decisions

We have this framework of competing values that acts as a filter you’ve got your market or ad hoc filter your social or incremental filter your physical or comprehensive filter in the ecological or stewardship and sustainable development filter the market or ad hoc filter really they say you probably don’t even need

Planning just leave it up to the market this is your private property rates bias and there’s a relationship here to the fifth amendment all four of these filters relate to some type of decision making you’re physical and ecological or anticipatory your social is generally reactive when you’re ecological

You bring with it some environmental ethics and the requirements that you design with nature let’s take a look at three alternative methodologies now i’m going to categorize these using the old sears robot catalog of good better and best there’s not a value judgment one way or the other there’s just a way to

Differentiate key factors is the most common way in the way that most communities do it in which you identify certain key factors and you do your research for those factors this is really an ad hoc analysis procedure when you do run the risk that you might forget something or leave something out

That’s important philip lewis developed a analysis procedure which i think is the most simple in which you identify water features forests and lands steep slopes and prime agricultural means these four categories you regulate the rest of the area you don’t have to really be concerned with

This is an interesting concept and it is very simple but it’s not very scientific and it’s hard to defend if you’re an expert witness in court the third methodology is that of in the car and that is the most scientific and it’s probably the the most used by planners

In in the planning curriculum it’s the one where they do have it is one top most you and i want to go over that in more detail this closer look uh if we do a closer look we see that the system consists of all eight of these components

And for each of these components we identify natural processes and for each of the alternative land uses we look for opportunities and constraints for example in hydrology you might have flooding which is a constraint for residential and an opportunity for agriculture for each of the alternative land uses you develop

Planning criteria these are your do’s and don’ts for example do not build houses in the 100-year flood point you apply this criteria geographically and you do your suitability analysis and for each of the alternative land uses you have areas that are most suitable suitable least suitable or unsuitable next you synthesize the suitability

Analysis and you come up with your development alternatives for land use decision making yeah it’s very complicated it’s very technical and it is expensive if you don’t do it yeah you run the risk of a hit-and-miss approach now some of the other potpourri minor planning theories one is centralized town planning

That includes your hud 701 planning which was common in the 70s but we just don’t do anymore today it’s mostly private sector retirement communities like the delve in the 1990s peter calthorpe andres dewani and his wife elizabeth platter zeiberg they were the champions for new urbanism they were your some of your original

Neo-traditional town planners which borrowed from the neighborhood unit concept clarence perry there are some other theories i’m going to go over them separately uh some of them look good but i don’t think they really stand up to scrutiny i’m going to just highlight those that i think might be of

Importance for our candidates for the bicp exam the first is the linear pattern of city form here we have alignment usually along a transportation route or some type of a natural terrain feature it could be an interstate highway or a river typically evenly spaced in an example would be along

The interstate highway 26 between charleston and greenville south carolina that’s your linear pattern of city form the cluster pattern of city form you’re typically grouped around some type of a special resource area it could be a location for raw materials it could be a major activity center such

As an education community it could be a tourist destination it could be just a rich clustering of people like creative class centroid an example using north carolina would be the raleigh durham chapel hill area fits pretty well for the cluster pattern of city fork the hierarchical pattern of city form we’ll see

Mostly in agricultural areas where cities become the central places or a service center to a surrounding region that is generally rural for example you can pick a lot of places in the midwest i went to the des moines iowa area and that’s a good example of the hierarchical pattern of city board

Cristallar central place of city forum deals with an economic and political hierarchy that relates to the delivery of goods and services both within and between regions your central places will have different importance based upon their levels and this dollar has five levels hamlet village town city and region and

The first four levels hamlet village town and city are building blocks and form-based code transectivity the urban morphology uh skinny form uh deals with we can call it evolution or change over time how cities change over time what you do is you monitor things like buildings streets parks gardens monuments neighborhoods

Which are focal points and gis is absolutely fantastic tool to document this change or these spatial relationships over time now this urban morphology theory it has a very strong leakage too and i think you should be familiar with kevin lynch his image of the city in which he talked about paths

Edges districts landmarks and millers richard b andrews developed a life cycle model of land use change and this model provides a conceptual framework that sometimes helps to better understand some of the other models here you’re looking at phases or change again over time where you have growth maturity and decline and

If you’re successful renewal you may be more growth for renewal here we’re looking at economic investment as the key components in factors here from our planning context our quality of life housing and infrastructure and i think it’s also interesting to note that the recent research

Suggests that you do not have to grow as a city in order to survive you can just maintain the quality what can we say in terms of the evaluation of all these different theories i’ll do my best landscape you know plenty grew out of landscape architecture primarily in architecture later on

There were other academic programs with linkages to planning but the roots were certainly landscape architecture and architecture it started out as physical planning in the early 1900s it was part of the city beautiful movement and professional planning grew out of this the products were master or general plans beginning in 1925 we have

Comprehensive plan the movement here is urban and regional planning and the product is a comprehensive way in the 1960s we have the beginning of advocacy planning for the most part this is social planning involving some type of community action in the 1970s we have ecological planning movement from correct and sustainable development

And here we’re having the inventory and analyze to do our suitability analysis in the 1970s and 80s there’s a this it’s a period a lot of folks aren’t even familiar with this policy planning it showed up in the florida experience you don’t see a lot of policy planning

Today this was a very like short-lived type of theory with policy planning in 1980 we have strategic and transactive planning these are community based planning and they’re usually open-ended include a vision alternative futures maybe an action plan it’s interesting beginning in the 1970s we’ve actually gone back to physical planning

Which started in the 1900s with a focus on new urbanism and healthy lifestyles and it’s requiring that we modify our regulations and do some targeted development um so this gives a i think it’s it’s as good as i can do in terms of trying to make sense of these different planning theories

And applications so how do you satisfy existing needs how do you prepare for future growth and change well it involves values different planning theories and political decision making it’s a tough job it’s not easy when we take a look at this theory package that we just i’ve just discussed with you

There are several different planning theories some are holistic some are pluralistic some are substantial some are more procedural some are major some are minor all of them both the major and minor are ways that communities can accomplish planning and there’s no single satisfactory stand-alone theory the procedural processes

They’re not always clearly defined or formalized the ends versus the means connections are not always a given in the actual practice involves a mixture of different approaches and different theories so there are many ways to plan and when we talk about theory it’s really messy but it’s important to understand how this

Mess really comes together or works on the practical side let me just share with you some thoughts about typical differences between planning and planners versus politics and politicians how do they approach planning planners generally long-term politicians short-term planning theory planners will be proponents for comprehensive planning politicians quite often project or strategic planner

The underlying interests or values for plans is the public interest politicians how to get reelected these are all part of the different worldviews how the pieces fit together and how things work what makes our life as a practicing player interesting there are there’s a variety there’s no no good single source

For additional reading there’s a lot i think i believe i included this here in the workbook there’s a lot of places you can go to it’ll provide information but it’s unfortunate there’s there’s nothing that really pulls it all together very well but you know we don’t have time for

Questions and comments or we don’t have it really the mechanics are difficult but i want to wish all of you the best of luck in taking the exam and i hope that the comments i’ve provided on the history of planning and planning theory will help you in taking this examination

Well i’ll turn it back to you okay

ID: yM4-i96AVZw
Time: 1375242042
Date: 2013-07-31 08:10:42
Duration: 02:07:31

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